Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus with high mortality, primarily emerging from bat populations. It has caused significant outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, with Bangladesh being the main source of human cases. The natural reservoir is the Pteropus bat, and transmission to humans often occurs via contaminated date palm sap, especially in Bangladesh. Human infection leads to severe encephalitis with high mortality rates, and no approved treatments or vaccines exist. NiV has two main strains, NiV-M and NiV-B, with different pathogenic characteristics. Transmission occurs through direct bat-to-human contact, intermediate hosts, and human-to-human spread, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The virus can also be transmitted through food and aerosols. NiV has a wide host range, including humans, pigs, horses, and bats, and can cause severe disease in humans. The virus has a high mutation rate, which increases the risk of more transmissible strains. Current treatments are limited to supportive care, while experimental drugs and monoclonal antibodies show promise. Preventive strategies include education, physical barriers to prevent sap contamination, and vaccination research. Bangladesh's frequent outbreaks are linked to seasonal date palm sap consumption, making it a key area for prevention. The virus poses a significant public health threat due to its high mortality and potential for pandemic spread. Effective prevention and control measures are crucial to mitigate the impact of NiV outbreaks.Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus with high mortality, primarily emerging from bat populations. It has caused significant outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, with Bangladesh being the main source of human cases. The natural reservoir is the Pteropus bat, and transmission to humans often occurs via contaminated date palm sap, especially in Bangladesh. Human infection leads to severe encephalitis with high mortality rates, and no approved treatments or vaccines exist. NiV has two main strains, NiV-M and NiV-B, with different pathogenic characteristics. Transmission occurs through direct bat-to-human contact, intermediate hosts, and human-to-human spread, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The virus can also be transmitted through food and aerosols. NiV has a wide host range, including humans, pigs, horses, and bats, and can cause severe disease in humans. The virus has a high mutation rate, which increases the risk of more transmissible strains. Current treatments are limited to supportive care, while experimental drugs and monoclonal antibodies show promise. Preventive strategies include education, physical barriers to prevent sap contamination, and vaccination research. Bangladesh's frequent outbreaks are linked to seasonal date palm sap consumption, making it a key area for prevention. The virus poses a significant public health threat due to its high mortality and potential for pandemic spread. Effective prevention and control measures are crucial to mitigate the impact of NiV outbreaks.