This systematic review, conducted by Saverio Nucera and colleagues, aims to assess the correlation between exposure to non-essential heavy metals and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The review includes eight studies that analyzed a total of 153 studies published between 2018 and 2023. The main focus is on the impact of non-essential heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) on CVDs. The review highlights that exposure to these metals can lead to various complications, including hypertension, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease (CAD). The mechanisms through which these metals cause these effects include oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and disruption of essential metal homeostasis. The review also discusses the potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate the toxicity of these metals, such as chelation therapy, antioxidant supplementation, and modulation of gut microbiota. Despite the heterogeneity in study designs and biomarkers used, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the relationship between non-essential heavy metals and CVDs, emphasizing the need for further research to better understand and address this issue.This systematic review, conducted by Saverio Nucera and colleagues, aims to assess the correlation between exposure to non-essential heavy metals and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The review includes eight studies that analyzed a total of 153 studies published between 2018 and 2023. The main focus is on the impact of non-essential heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) on CVDs. The review highlights that exposure to these metals can lead to various complications, including hypertension, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease (CAD). The mechanisms through which these metals cause these effects include oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and disruption of essential metal homeostasis. The review also discusses the potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate the toxicity of these metals, such as chelation therapy, antioxidant supplementation, and modulation of gut microbiota. Despite the heterogeneity in study designs and biomarkers used, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the relationship between non-essential heavy metals and CVDs, emphasizing the need for further research to better understand and address this issue.