Non-essential heavy metal effects in cardiovascular diseases: an overview of systematic reviews

Non-essential heavy metal effects in cardiovascular diseases: an overview of systematic reviews

23 January 2024 | Saverio Nucera, Maria Serra, Rosamaria Caminiti, Stefano Ruga, Lucia Carmela Passacatini, Roberta Macri, Federica Scarano, Jessica Maiuolo, Rosamaria Bulotta, Rocco Mollace, Francesca Bosco, Lorenza Guarnieri, Francesca Oppedisan, Sara Ilari, Carolina Muscoli, Ernesto Palma, and Vincenzo Mollace
This systematic review summarizes the effects of non-essential heavy metals on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) based on recent systematic reviews. The review highlights the association between exposure to non-essential heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), and an increased risk of CVDs. The review includes 153 studies from eight systematic reviews published between 2018 and 2023. Seven of these reviews found a clear association between chronic exposure to non-essential heavy metals and CVDs. The review discusses the mechanisms by which these metals contribute to CVDs. These include oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and disruption of metal homeostasis. Heavy metals can interfere with the body's antioxidant defense systems, leading to oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. This can lead to endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation, all of which are key factors in the development of CVDs. The review also discusses the impact of these metals on the cardiovascular system. For example, Cd is known to cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hg is associated with increased blood pressure and atherosclerosis, while As is linked to atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. Lead (Pb) is also associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. The review concludes that exposure to non-essential heavy metals is a significant risk factor for CVDs. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which these metals contribute to CVDs and to develop effective interventions to reduce the risk of CVDs in populations exposed to these metals.This systematic review summarizes the effects of non-essential heavy metals on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) based on recent systematic reviews. The review highlights the association between exposure to non-essential heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), and an increased risk of CVDs. The review includes 153 studies from eight systematic reviews published between 2018 and 2023. Seven of these reviews found a clear association between chronic exposure to non-essential heavy metals and CVDs. The review discusses the mechanisms by which these metals contribute to CVDs. These include oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and disruption of metal homeostasis. Heavy metals can interfere with the body's antioxidant defense systems, leading to oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. This can lead to endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation, all of which are key factors in the development of CVDs. The review also discusses the impact of these metals on the cardiovascular system. For example, Cd is known to cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hg is associated with increased blood pressure and atherosclerosis, while As is linked to atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. Lead (Pb) is also associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis. The review concludes that exposure to non-essential heavy metals is a significant risk factor for CVDs. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which these metals contribute to CVDs and to develop effective interventions to reduce the risk of CVDs in populations exposed to these metals.
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