This special issue, edited by Junji Uchino, focuses on the current therapies and new targeted treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It includes a range of articles that highlight recent advancements in the field, such as the development of targeted drugs like gefitinib, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and immune checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab, which prevent cancer cells from escaping the immune system. The issue also covers the role of biomarkers, such as NME1 and β-catenin, in predicting treatment outcomes and recurrence-free survival in early-stage NSCLC patients. Additionally, it discusses the efficacy of cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy and the impact of these treatments on patient outcomes. The articles provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC and offer potential strategies for improving patient outcomes.This special issue, edited by Junji Uchino, focuses on the current therapies and new targeted treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It includes a range of articles that highlight recent advancements in the field, such as the development of targeted drugs like gefitinib, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and immune checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab, which prevent cancer cells from escaping the immune system. The issue also covers the role of biomarkers, such as NME1 and β-catenin, in predicting treatment outcomes and recurrence-free survival in early-stage NSCLC patients. Additionally, it discusses the efficacy of cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy and the impact of these treatments on patient outcomes. The articles provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC and offer potential strategies for improving patient outcomes.