Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer with poor prognosis due to high recurrence rates. Recent advances in treatment include targeted therapies and immunotherapy. This book compiles recent research on NSCLC, focusing on current therapies and new targeted treatments. It includes studies on the role of NME1 in recurrence-free survival, the impact of DNA polymerase β and KRAS mutations on advanced NSCLC patients, and the effectiveness of osimertinib in treating EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC. Other chapters discuss the significance of RUNX1, HIP1R expression, tumor size, and the prognostic value of Tumor Size in Stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC. The book also explores the efficacy of targeted therapies in NSCLC through a network meta-analysis and the role of TP53 mutations in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with TKIs. Additionally, it covers the prediction of anti-cancer drug-induced pneumonia, the potential of FDG-PET as a prognostic marker, clonality analysis in multiple lung cancers, and the prognostic significance of glucose metabolism in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. The book also discusses the impact of cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy and β-catenin overexpression on recurrence-free survival in early-stage NSCLC. The editor, Junji Uchino, is a leading researcher in lung cancer treatment. The book aims to provide updated insights into the latest developments in targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and cancer biology for NSCLC.Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer with poor prognosis due to high recurrence rates. Recent advances in treatment include targeted therapies and immunotherapy. This book compiles recent research on NSCLC, focusing on current therapies and new targeted treatments. It includes studies on the role of NME1 in recurrence-free survival, the impact of DNA polymerase β and KRAS mutations on advanced NSCLC patients, and the effectiveness of osimertinib in treating EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC. Other chapters discuss the significance of RUNX1, HIP1R expression, tumor size, and the prognostic value of Tumor Size in Stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC. The book also explores the efficacy of targeted therapies in NSCLC through a network meta-analysis and the role of TP53 mutations in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with TKIs. Additionally, it covers the prediction of anti-cancer drug-induced pneumonia, the potential of FDG-PET as a prognostic marker, clonality analysis in multiple lung cancers, and the prognostic significance of glucose metabolism in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. The book also discusses the impact of cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy and β-catenin overexpression on recurrence-free survival in early-stage NSCLC. The editor, Junji Uchino, is a leading researcher in lung cancer treatment. The book aims to provide updated insights into the latest developments in targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and cancer biology for NSCLC.