Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. The infection is characterized by angioinvasion, leading to vascular thrombosis and tissue necrosis. Key factors contributing to mucormycosis include hyperglycemia, acidosis, and impaired host defenses. Iron plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis, as fungi can utilize iron more efficiently than other pathogens. The fungus Rhizopus oryzae is the most common cause of mucormycosis, followed by other species such as Absidia corymbifera and Apophysomyces elegans. Mucormycosis presents in various forms, including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is most common in diabetic patients with ketoacidosis, while pulmonary mucormycosis is prevalent in neutropenic patients and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Cutaneous mucormycosis occurs in patients with disrupted skin barriers, and gastrointestinal mucormycosis is rare, often affecting malnourished infants. Diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging, as it often requires biopsy and histopathological examination. Imaging techniques may be suggestive but are not diagnostic. Treatment involves a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. Amphotericin B is the first-line antifungal agent, but its toxicity limits its use. Liposomal amphotericin B is more effective and less toxic, with higher doses showing improved outcomes. Other antifungal agents, such as itraconazole, voriconazole, and echinocandins, have limited efficacy against mucormycosis. Surgical debridement is crucial, especially in rhinocerebral and pulmonary forms, to prevent progression and improve survival. Prophylactic antifungal therapy may increase the risk of mucormycosis, highlighting the need for careful management. The prognosis is poor, with high mortality rates, particularly in disseminated cases. Effective treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, including rapid diagnosis, surgical intervention, and appropriate antifungal therapy.Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. The infection is characterized by angioinvasion, leading to vascular thrombosis and tissue necrosis. Key factors contributing to mucormycosis include hyperglycemia, acidosis, and impaired host defenses. Iron plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis, as fungi can utilize iron more efficiently than other pathogens. The fungus Rhizopus oryzae is the most common cause of mucormycosis, followed by other species such as Absidia corymbifera and Apophysomyces elegans. Mucormycosis presents in various forms, including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is most common in diabetic patients with ketoacidosis, while pulmonary mucormycosis is prevalent in neutropenic patients and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Cutaneous mucormycosis occurs in patients with disrupted skin barriers, and gastrointestinal mucormycosis is rare, often affecting malnourished infants. Diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging, as it often requires biopsy and histopathological examination. Imaging techniques may be suggestive but are not diagnostic. Treatment involves a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. Amphotericin B is the first-line antifungal agent, but its toxicity limits its use. Liposomal amphotericin B is more effective and less toxic, with higher doses showing improved outcomes. Other antifungal agents, such as itraconazole, voriconazole, and echinocandins, have limited efficacy against mucormycosis. Surgical debridement is crucial, especially in rhinocerebral and pulmonary forms, to prevent progression and improve survival. Prophylactic antifungal therapy may increase the risk of mucormycosis, highlighting the need for careful management. The prognosis is poor, with high mortality rates, particularly in disseminated cases. Effective treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, including rapid diagnosis, surgical intervention, and appropriate antifungal therapy.