This review discusses current bioaerosol sampling and airborne microorganism detection technologies, emphasizing their applications and limitations for rapid on-site monitoring. Bioaerosols are airborne particles containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other biological components that can cause health issues. Effective sampling and detection are crucial for monitoring bioaerosols in both indoor and outdoor environments. The review covers various sampling methods, including passive and active sampling, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Passive sampling methods, such as gravity-based, electrostatic, and thermal precipitation, are described, along with their applications and limitations. Active sampling methods, including impactors, cyclones, impingement, and filtration, are also discussed, highlighting their effectiveness in collecting bioaerosols. The review also addresses the challenges and trends in detecting airborne microorganisms using molecular and immunological methods. It emphasizes the importance of developing prompt monitoring technologies for bioaerosol sampling and detection, considering factors such as sample collection efficiency, detection sensitivity, and the impact of environmental conditions on sampling and detection processes. The review concludes with a discussion on the potential of new technologies and the need for further research to improve bioaerosol monitoring techniques.This review discusses current bioaerosol sampling and airborne microorganism detection technologies, emphasizing their applications and limitations for rapid on-site monitoring. Bioaerosols are airborne particles containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other biological components that can cause health issues. Effective sampling and detection are crucial for monitoring bioaerosols in both indoor and outdoor environments. The review covers various sampling methods, including passive and active sampling, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Passive sampling methods, such as gravity-based, electrostatic, and thermal precipitation, are described, along with their applications and limitations. Active sampling methods, including impactors, cyclones, impingement, and filtration, are also discussed, highlighting their effectiveness in collecting bioaerosols. The review also addresses the challenges and trends in detecting airborne microorganisms using molecular and immunological methods. It emphasizes the importance of developing prompt monitoring technologies for bioaerosol sampling and detection, considering factors such as sample collection efficiency, detection sensitivity, and the impact of environmental conditions on sampling and detection processes. The review concludes with a discussion on the potential of new technologies and the need for further research to improve bioaerosol monitoring techniques.