This article reviews the development and applications of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) over the past decade. ECC is a highly ductile fiber-reinforced cementitious composite developed for use in cost-sensitive construction. The article emphasizes the role of micromechanics in materials design and highlights the unique properties of ECC, such as its high tensile ductility and ability to sustain large deformations without damage localization. ECC has been shown to offer superior performance in structural applications, including seismic retrofitting, repair, and construction. The article discusses the importance of materials optimization to reduce costs and improve processing efficiency. It also explores the potential of ECC in various applications, such as infrastructure durability, construction productivity, and sustainable development. The article notes that ECC has moved beyond academic research and is now being used in precast plants, construction sites, and repair projects. The development of ECC has been supported by international collaboration and research. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions for ECC, including the need for standardized mix design, pre-mix ECC, material supply, performance specifications, standardized test methods, numerical tools, knowledge consolidation, sustainable development, structural innovations, and integrated structures and materials design. The article highlights the potential of ECC to contribute to safer, more durable, and more sustainable infrastructure.This article reviews the development and applications of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) over the past decade. ECC is a highly ductile fiber-reinforced cementitious composite developed for use in cost-sensitive construction. The article emphasizes the role of micromechanics in materials design and highlights the unique properties of ECC, such as its high tensile ductility and ability to sustain large deformations without damage localization. ECC has been shown to offer superior performance in structural applications, including seismic retrofitting, repair, and construction. The article discusses the importance of materials optimization to reduce costs and improve processing efficiency. It also explores the potential of ECC in various applications, such as infrastructure durability, construction productivity, and sustainable development. The article notes that ECC has moved beyond academic research and is now being used in precast plants, construction sites, and repair projects. The development of ECC has been supported by international collaboration and research. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions for ECC, including the need for standardized mix design, pre-mix ECC, material supply, performance specifications, standardized test methods, numerical tools, knowledge consolidation, sustainable development, structural innovations, and integrated structures and materials design. The article highlights the potential of ECC to contribute to safer, more durable, and more sustainable infrastructure.