29 August 2011 | Daria J. Kuss * and Mark D. Griffiths
This literature review examines the psychological aspects of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) and their potential for addiction. SNSs, which have seen exponential growth in usage, are virtual communities where users can create profiles, interact with friends, and connect with others based on shared interests. The review outlines usage patterns, motivations, personality traits, negative consequences, and the potential for SNS addiction. Key findings include:
1. **Usage Patterns**: SNSs are primarily used for social purposes, often to maintain offline networks. Extraverts use SNSs for social enhancement, while introverts use them for social compensation. Low conscientiousness and high narcissism are associated with greater usage.
2. **Motivations**: Users are motivated by social identity, altruism, and telepresence. Social factors are more important than individual factors, and cultural differences exist in usage patterns.
3. **Personality Traits**: Extraversion and openness to experience are linked to higher SNS usage. Neuroticism and conscientiousness also influence usage, with neurotics using SNSs more frequently and conscientious individuals having fewer friends.
4. **Negative Consequences**: Extensive SNS usage can lead to decreased real-life community involvement, poor academic performance, and relationship problems. These negative outcomes may contribute to the development of SNS addiction.
5. **Addiction**: SNS addiction is characterized by symptoms similar to substance or behavioral addictions, such as neglect of personal life, mental preoccupation, and mood modification. Studies suggest that young people with narcissistic tendencies are particularly vulnerable to SNS addiction.
6. **Specificity and Comorbidity**: SNS addiction is a specific form of Internet addiction and may co-occur with other addictions, though the extent of co-occurrence is unclear due to limited research.
The review highlights the need for further empirical research to better understand the phenomenon of SNS addiction, including the development of more robust diagnostic criteria and the exploration of comorbidities.This literature review examines the psychological aspects of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) and their potential for addiction. SNSs, which have seen exponential growth in usage, are virtual communities where users can create profiles, interact with friends, and connect with others based on shared interests. The review outlines usage patterns, motivations, personality traits, negative consequences, and the potential for SNS addiction. Key findings include:
1. **Usage Patterns**: SNSs are primarily used for social purposes, often to maintain offline networks. Extraverts use SNSs for social enhancement, while introverts use them for social compensation. Low conscientiousness and high narcissism are associated with greater usage.
2. **Motivations**: Users are motivated by social identity, altruism, and telepresence. Social factors are more important than individual factors, and cultural differences exist in usage patterns.
3. **Personality Traits**: Extraversion and openness to experience are linked to higher SNS usage. Neuroticism and conscientiousness also influence usage, with neurotics using SNSs more frequently and conscientious individuals having fewer friends.
4. **Negative Consequences**: Extensive SNS usage can lead to decreased real-life community involvement, poor academic performance, and relationship problems. These negative outcomes may contribute to the development of SNS addiction.
5. **Addiction**: SNS addiction is characterized by symptoms similar to substance or behavioral addictions, such as neglect of personal life, mental preoccupation, and mood modification. Studies suggest that young people with narcissistic tendencies are particularly vulnerable to SNS addiction.
6. **Specificity and Comorbidity**: SNS addiction is a specific form of Internet addiction and may co-occur with other addictions, though the extent of co-occurrence is unclear due to limited research.
The review highlights the need for further empirical research to better understand the phenomenon of SNS addiction, including the development of more robust diagnostic criteria and the exploration of comorbidities.