The paper discusses two models for managing rangelands: the range succession model and the state-and-transition model. The range succession model assumes that rangelands have a single equilibrium state under a fixed grazing policy, with management aiming to maintain balance between grazing and natural succession. However, this model has limitations, as vegetation changes can be non-linear, irreversible, or inconsistent with the model's assumptions. In contrast, the state-and-transition model recognizes that rangelands can exist in multiple states, with transitions between them influenced by climatic and management factors. This model emphasizes flexibility and timing over fixed policies, aiming to seize opportunities and avoid hazards. Research under this model would focus on improving state and transition catalogues, estimating climatic frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The state-and-transition model is more suitable for rangelands with complex dynamics, such as those in arid and semi-arid regions, where sudden transitions and extreme events are common. The paper highlights the need for a more flexible approach to rangeland management, one that accounts for variability and uncertainty. It also discusses the implications for research, management, and administration, emphasizing the importance of adaptive strategies and the need for policy changes to support this approach. The state-and-transition model is seen as a more practical and effective framework for managing rangelands in the face of changing environmental conditions.The paper discusses two models for managing rangelands: the range succession model and the state-and-transition model. The range succession model assumes that rangelands have a single equilibrium state under a fixed grazing policy, with management aiming to maintain balance between grazing and natural succession. However, this model has limitations, as vegetation changes can be non-linear, irreversible, or inconsistent with the model's assumptions. In contrast, the state-and-transition model recognizes that rangelands can exist in multiple states, with transitions between them influenced by climatic and management factors. This model emphasizes flexibility and timing over fixed policies, aiming to seize opportunities and avoid hazards. Research under this model would focus on improving state and transition catalogues, estimating climatic frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The state-and-transition model is more suitable for rangelands with complex dynamics, such as those in arid and semi-arid regions, where sudden transitions and extreme events are common. The paper highlights the need for a more flexible approach to rangeland management, one that accounts for variability and uncertainty. It also discusses the implications for research, management, and administration, emphasizing the importance of adaptive strategies and the need for policy changes to support this approach. The state-and-transition model is seen as a more practical and effective framework for managing rangelands in the face of changing environmental conditions.