Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium with unique molecular and biological features. It is a versatile pathogen known for its urease production, swarming behavior, and rapid multicellular activity. Clinically, it is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs). This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment of P. mirabilis infections, emphasizing its association with UTIs. The bacterium's genome analysis reveals resistance genes against commonly used antibiotics, posing a serious clinical challenge. The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase-resistant strains is a growing concern. On a molecular level, P. mirabilis possesses various virulence factors, including fimbriae, urease, hemolysins, metallophores, and biofilm formation. This review addresses a significant gap in understanding the role of metallophores in shaping P. mirabilis virulence. Siderophores, which are iron-chelating and transporting metallophores, contribute to complex pathogenic strategies and are potential therapeutic targets. P. mirabilis is associated with infections in the urinary tract, particularly in catheterized patients. Risk factors include sexual activity, immunocompromised states, and prolonged catheterization. The bacterium can cause UTIs, leading to complications such as urolithiasis, bacteremia, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacterium from infection sites, and treatment typically involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones. However, antibiotic resistance is a growing challenge, with P. mirabilis strains resistant to imipenem, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases are increasingly prevalent, necessitating careful antibiotic stewardship. P. mirabilis exhibits swarming motility, a complex behavior involving coordinated flagellar movement and the formation of biofilms. This motility enhances colonization and persistence in host environments. Virulence factors such as urease, ZapA protease, and hemolysin are upregulated during swarming, contributing to pathogenicity. The bacterium's ability to acquire essential metals like iron, zinc, and nickel is crucial for its survival and virulence. Siderophores and other metal acquisition systems enable P. mirabilis to scavenge and transport metals, supporting its pathogenic strategies. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions against P. mirabilis infections.Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium with unique molecular and biological features. It is a versatile pathogen known for its urease production, swarming behavior, and rapid multicellular activity. Clinically, it is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs). This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment of P. mirabilis infections, emphasizing its association with UTIs. The bacterium's genome analysis reveals resistance genes against commonly used antibiotics, posing a serious clinical challenge. The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase-resistant strains is a growing concern. On a molecular level, P. mirabilis possesses various virulence factors, including fimbriae, urease, hemolysins, metallophores, and biofilm formation. This review addresses a significant gap in understanding the role of metallophores in shaping P. mirabilis virulence. Siderophores, which are iron-chelating and transporting metallophores, contribute to complex pathogenic strategies and are potential therapeutic targets. P. mirabilis is associated with infections in the urinary tract, particularly in catheterized patients. Risk factors include sexual activity, immunocompromised states, and prolonged catheterization. The bacterium can cause UTIs, leading to complications such as urolithiasis, bacteremia, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacterium from infection sites, and treatment typically involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones. However, antibiotic resistance is a growing challenge, with P. mirabilis strains resistant to imipenem, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases are increasingly prevalent, necessitating careful antibiotic stewardship. P. mirabilis exhibits swarming motility, a complex behavior involving coordinated flagellar movement and the formation of biofilms. This motility enhances colonization and persistence in host environments. Virulence factors such as urease, ZapA protease, and hemolysin are upregulated during swarming, contributing to pathogenicity. The bacterium's ability to acquire essential metals like iron, zinc, and nickel is crucial for its survival and virulence. Siderophores and other metal acquisition systems enable P. mirabilis to scavenge and transport metals, supporting its pathogenic strategies. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions against P. mirabilis infections.