The article reviews the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress, characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can lead to mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, altered membrane permeability, and disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis. These changes contribute to neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The article highlights the specific mechanisms by which ROS affect mitochondrial function, such as damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA, and impairing the electron transport chain. It also discusses the involvement of mitochondrial damage in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and ALS, emphasizing the role of specific mitochondrial proteins and pathways. The review concludes that strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction may be promising therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.The article reviews the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress, characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can lead to mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, altered membrane permeability, and disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis. These changes contribute to neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The article highlights the specific mechanisms by which ROS affect mitochondrial function, such as damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA, and impairing the electron transport chain. It also discusses the involvement of mitochondrial damage in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and ALS, emphasizing the role of specific mitochondrial proteins and pathways. The review concludes that strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction may be promising therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.