Oxidative stress is a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases, involving an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant capacity. ROS, including superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, are generated through mitochondrial respiration, enzymatic reactions, and external factors like ionizing radiation. At low concentrations, ROS act as signaling molecules, but at high levels, they damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell death. Oxidative stress is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, where protein aggregation and metal ion imbalances are prominent. The review discusses the role of oxidative stress in these diseases, the mechanisms of ROS generation, and therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress. Antioxidants and metal-chelating agents (MPACs) are highlighted as potential treatments. The Nrf2 pathway, a key regulator of antioxidant responses, is emphasized as a promising therapeutic target. The review also explores the impact of oxidative stress on specific brain regions and the importance of maintaining redox balance to prevent neurodegeneration. Overall, oxidative stress is a critical factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and understanding its mechanisms is essential for developing effective therapies.Oxidative stress is a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases, involving an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant capacity. ROS, including superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, are generated through mitochondrial respiration, enzymatic reactions, and external factors like ionizing radiation. At low concentrations, ROS act as signaling molecules, but at high levels, they damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell death. Oxidative stress is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, where protein aggregation and metal ion imbalances are prominent. The review discusses the role of oxidative stress in these diseases, the mechanisms of ROS generation, and therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress. Antioxidants and metal-chelating agents (MPACs) are highlighted as potential treatments. The Nrf2 pathway, a key regulator of antioxidant responses, is emphasized as a promising therapeutic target. The review also explores the impact of oxidative stress on specific brain regions and the importance of maintaining redox balance to prevent neurodegeneration. Overall, oxidative stress is a critical factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and understanding its mechanisms is essential for developing effective therapies.