This paper presents palaeogeographic considerations for the Mediterranean and Paratethys seas from the Oligocene to the Miocene, divided into ten time-slices. It begins with the late Eocene, when the Tethys Ocean disappeared and two new marine realms formed: the Mediterranean Sea and the Paratethys basin. The time-slices are selected based on major palaeogeographic changes and land bridges for continental migrations. The sketches are based on Cenozoic plate reconstructions, with intermediate levels interpolated. The Paratethys underwent significant changes, starting as an open ocean connected to the Polar Sea via the Turgai Strait, then becoming an enclosed basin with reduced salinity and endemic faunas. From the middle Oligocene, it reconnected to the Indian Ocean, reaching a maximum connection during the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Intermittent seaways and regional basin closures characterized the late Burdigalian and middle Miocene. By the mid-Serravallian, the Paratethys was finally disconnected, with reduced salinity and endemisms prevailing. The Mediterranean remained connected to the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans until the late Burdigalian. With the collision of the Arabian and Anatolian plates in the late Burdigalian, a Eurasian-African land bridge opened for mammal migrations. A short interruption is proposed for the Langhian transgression, followed by a final closure in the Serravallian. The Paratethys was divided into Western, Central, and Eastern regions, with distinct evolutionary stages: Protoparatethys (early to middle Oligocene), Eoparatethys (late Oligocene to early Miocene), Mesoparatethys (late early Miocene to early middle Miocene), and Neoparatethys (middle Miocene to Pleistocene). The Mediterranean remained connected to the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, while the Paratethys experienced varying degrees of isolation. The paper discusses the stratigraphic correlation between the Mediterranean standard scale and the regional stage systems of the Central and Eastern Paratethys, highlighting the importance of palaeogeographic patterns in mammal migrations. The paper also presents selected palaeogeographic horizons, including the late Eocene, early Oligocene, and middle to late Oligocene, detailing the changes in marine environments, faunal developments, and tectonic activities. The study emphasizes the complex interplay between tectonic movements, sea level changes, and faunal exchanges in shaping the palaeogeography of the Mediterranean and Paratethys during the Oligocene to Miocene.This paper presents palaeogeographic considerations for the Mediterranean and Paratethys seas from the Oligocene to the Miocene, divided into ten time-slices. It begins with the late Eocene, when the Tethys Ocean disappeared and two new marine realms formed: the Mediterranean Sea and the Paratethys basin. The time-slices are selected based on major palaeogeographic changes and land bridges for continental migrations. The sketches are based on Cenozoic plate reconstructions, with intermediate levels interpolated. The Paratethys underwent significant changes, starting as an open ocean connected to the Polar Sea via the Turgai Strait, then becoming an enclosed basin with reduced salinity and endemic faunas. From the middle Oligocene, it reconnected to the Indian Ocean, reaching a maximum connection during the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Intermittent seaways and regional basin closures characterized the late Burdigalian and middle Miocene. By the mid-Serravallian, the Paratethys was finally disconnected, with reduced salinity and endemisms prevailing. The Mediterranean remained connected to the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans until the late Burdigalian. With the collision of the Arabian and Anatolian plates in the late Burdigalian, a Eurasian-African land bridge opened for mammal migrations. A short interruption is proposed for the Langhian transgression, followed by a final closure in the Serravallian. The Paratethys was divided into Western, Central, and Eastern regions, with distinct evolutionary stages: Protoparatethys (early to middle Oligocene), Eoparatethys (late Oligocene to early Miocene), Mesoparatethys (late early Miocene to early middle Miocene), and Neoparatethys (middle Miocene to Pleistocene). The Mediterranean remained connected to the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, while the Paratethys experienced varying degrees of isolation. The paper discusses the stratigraphic correlation between the Mediterranean standard scale and the regional stage systems of the Central and Eastern Paratethys, highlighting the importance of palaeogeographic patterns in mammal migrations. The paper also presents selected palaeogeographic horizons, including the late Eocene, early Oligocene, and middle to late Oligocene, detailing the changes in marine environments, faunal developments, and tectonic activities. The study emphasizes the complex interplay between tectonic movements, sea level changes, and faunal exchanges in shaping the palaeogeography of the Mediterranean and Paratethys during the Oligocene to Miocene.