The chapter by Yvonna S. Lincoln and Egon G. Guba, titled "Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences," reflects on the evolution of social scientific inquiry over the past decade. It highlights the growing interest in non-positivist paradigms, such as postmodern critical theory and constructivism, which have gained legitimacy and are increasingly integrated into the mainstream of social science research. The authors observe that the boundaries between paradigms are blurring, with elements of different paradigms intermingling and influencing each other. They discuss the major issues confronting all paradigms, including axiology, accommodation, control, and validity, and argue for a more inclusive and dialogical approach to social inquiry. The chapter emphasizes the importance of values, the role of action in research, and the need for a broader understanding of truth and knowledge. It also explores the concept of validity in new-paradigm research, suggesting that it should be redefined to include authenticity, resistance, and poststructural transgression. The authors conclude by advocating for a more flexible and dialogical approach to social inquiry, where the boundaries between paradigms are fluid and where the goals of emancipation, democracy, and community empowerment are central.The chapter by Yvonna S. Lincoln and Egon G. Guba, titled "Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences," reflects on the evolution of social scientific inquiry over the past decade. It highlights the growing interest in non-positivist paradigms, such as postmodern critical theory and constructivism, which have gained legitimacy and are increasingly integrated into the mainstream of social science research. The authors observe that the boundaries between paradigms are blurring, with elements of different paradigms intermingling and influencing each other. They discuss the major issues confronting all paradigms, including axiology, accommodation, control, and validity, and argue for a more inclusive and dialogical approach to social inquiry. The chapter emphasizes the importance of values, the role of action in research, and the need for a broader understanding of truth and knowledge. It also explores the concept of validity in new-paradigm research, suggesting that it should be redefined to include authenticity, resistance, and poststructural transgression. The authors conclude by advocating for a more flexible and dialogical approach to social inquiry, where the boundaries between paradigms are fluid and where the goals of emancipation, democracy, and community empowerment are central.