The article reviews the roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the retrosplenial complex (RSC) in human spatial navigation. Neuroimaging studies have identified these regions as key nodes in the neuronal network supporting spatial navigation. The PPA is more focused on representing the local visual scene, while the RSC is involved in situating the scene within a broader spatial environment. The PPA responds strongly to complex visual scenes and weakly to nonscene objects, and its response is not affected by familiarity with the depicted locations. In contrast, the RSC responds more strongly to familiar places and is involved in recovering long-term spatial knowledge about familiar environments. Neuropsychological data suggest that damage to the PPA impairs scene recognition, while damage to the RSC impairs orientation and the use of familiar environments for navigation. The article also discusses the anatomical connectivity and functional specialization of these regions, and proposes that they may support distinct processing streams for visually-guided navigation.The article reviews the roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the retrosplenial complex (RSC) in human spatial navigation. Neuroimaging studies have identified these regions as key nodes in the neuronal network supporting spatial navigation. The PPA is more focused on representing the local visual scene, while the RSC is involved in situating the scene within a broader spatial environment. The PPA responds strongly to complex visual scenes and weakly to nonscene objects, and its response is not affected by familiarity with the depicted locations. In contrast, the RSC responds more strongly to familiar places and is involved in recovering long-term spatial knowledge about familiar environments. Neuropsychological data suggest that damage to the PPA impairs scene recognition, while damage to the RSC impairs orientation and the use of familiar environments for navigation. The article also discusses the anatomical connectivity and functional specialization of these regions, and proposes that they may support distinct processing streams for visually-guided navigation.