This study investigates the inheritance of parental olfactory experience through transgenerational effects on behavior and neural structure. The researchers subjected F0 mice to odor fear conditioning before conception and found that subsequent F1 and F2 generations exhibited increased behavioral sensitivity to the conditioned odor (acetophenone) but not to other odors. Neuroanatomical changes, including enhanced representation of the Olfr151 pathway, were observed in the main olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb of F1 and F2 generations. Bisulfite sequencing revealed CpG hypomethylation in the Olfr151 gene in sperm DNA from conditioned F0 males and F1 naive offspring. In vitro fertilization and cross-fostering experiments confirmed that these transgenerational effects are inherited via parental gametes. The findings suggest that environmental information can be inherited transgenerationally at behavioral, neuroanatomical, and epigenetic levels, providing insights into how ancestral experiences influence the nervous system of subsequent generations.This study investigates the inheritance of parental olfactory experience through transgenerational effects on behavior and neural structure. The researchers subjected F0 mice to odor fear conditioning before conception and found that subsequent F1 and F2 generations exhibited increased behavioral sensitivity to the conditioned odor (acetophenone) but not to other odors. Neuroanatomical changes, including enhanced representation of the Olfr151 pathway, were observed in the main olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb of F1 and F2 generations. Bisulfite sequencing revealed CpG hypomethylation in the Olfr151 gene in sperm DNA from conditioned F0 males and F1 naive offspring. In vitro fertilization and cross-fostering experiments confirmed that these transgenerational effects are inherited via parental gametes. The findings suggest that environmental information can be inherited transgenerationally at behavioral, neuroanatomical, and epigenetic levels, providing insights into how ancestral experiences influence the nervous system of subsequent generations.