The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) outlining their climate actions post-2020. Current INDCs reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but still imply a median warming of 2.6–3.1°C by 2100. The agreement requires increasing ambition over time, and additional national, sub-national, and non-state actions are needed to meet the 2°C target. The Paris Agreement acknowledges the need for global GHG emissions to reach net zero by mid-century. However, two-thirds of the available budget for keeping warming below 2°C have already been emitted, and emissions are increasing, making it urgent to reduce them. The window for limiting warming to 1.5°C appears to have closed. The INDCs are not final and can be modified, but they represent the best understanding of climate actions countries intend to pursue after 2020. The INDCs cover emissions from 145–187 of 195 UNFCCC Parties, responsible for 88–96% of global GHG emissions in 2012. The analysis shows that current INDCs result in global GHG emissions of about 55 billion metric tonnes of CO₂-equivalent in 2030, a reduction of around 9 billion metric tonnes compared to the median no-policy baseline scenario. However, this is still far from the 2°C target. The INDCs do not put the world on a least-cost path to limit warming to well below 2°C. The analysis also shows that current INDCs imply a median warming of 2.6–3.1°C by 2100, with warming continuing to increase. The INDCs are not sufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping warming well below 2°C. Additional national, sub-national, and non-state actions are needed to achieve this. The analysis also highlights the importance of reducing emissions in the near-term to minimize the post-2030 challenge. Options to reduce the post-2030 challenge include increasing the ambition of INDCs, expanding their coverage, including international sectors, implementing measures that enable over-delivery on INDCs, increasing contributions to international climate finance, and promoting additional national, sub-national, and non-state initiatives. The Paris Agreement requires successive, increasingly ambitious, nationally determined contributions that are subject to strong transparency guidelines and a global stock-take every five years. The optimism accompanying this process must be balanced against the important challenges that current INDCs imply for post-2030 emissions reductions. Limiting warming to no more than 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels is a societal challenge, and the warming projected from current INDCsThe Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) outlining their climate actions post-2020. Current INDCs reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but still imply a median warming of 2.6–3.1°C by 2100. The agreement requires increasing ambition over time, and additional national, sub-national, and non-state actions are needed to meet the 2°C target. The Paris Agreement acknowledges the need for global GHG emissions to reach net zero by mid-century. However, two-thirds of the available budget for keeping warming below 2°C have already been emitted, and emissions are increasing, making it urgent to reduce them. The window for limiting warming to 1.5°C appears to have closed. The INDCs are not final and can be modified, but they represent the best understanding of climate actions countries intend to pursue after 2020. The INDCs cover emissions from 145–187 of 195 UNFCCC Parties, responsible for 88–96% of global GHG emissions in 2012. The analysis shows that current INDCs result in global GHG emissions of about 55 billion metric tonnes of CO₂-equivalent in 2030, a reduction of around 9 billion metric tonnes compared to the median no-policy baseline scenario. However, this is still far from the 2°C target. The INDCs do not put the world on a least-cost path to limit warming to well below 2°C. The analysis also shows that current INDCs imply a median warming of 2.6–3.1°C by 2100, with warming continuing to increase. The INDCs are not sufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping warming well below 2°C. Additional national, sub-national, and non-state actions are needed to achieve this. The analysis also highlights the importance of reducing emissions in the near-term to minimize the post-2030 challenge. Options to reduce the post-2030 challenge include increasing the ambition of INDCs, expanding their coverage, including international sectors, implementing measures that enable over-delivery on INDCs, increasing contributions to international climate finance, and promoting additional national, sub-national, and non-state initiatives. The Paris Agreement requires successive, increasingly ambitious, nationally determined contributions that are subject to strong transparency guidelines and a global stock-take every five years. The optimism accompanying this process must be balanced against the important challenges that current INDCs imply for post-2030 emissions reductions. Limiting warming to no more than 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels is a societal challenge, and the warming projected from current INDCs