The article provides a comprehensive overview of long COVID, focusing on its epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles. Long COVID, a condition affecting a significant proportion of COVID-19 survivors, is characterized by persistent symptoms such as fatigue, respiratory issues, and multi-system complaints. The prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be around 1 in 5 survivors, with more severe cases requiring hospitalization showing a higher incidence. The condition is influenced by various factors, including the SARS-CoV-2 variant, vaccination status, and comorbidities. The pathophysiological mechanisms of long COVID are complex and involve multiple organs. Key mechanisms include viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological alterations. Viral persistence can lead to chronic inflammation and organ damage, while immune responses can trigger autoimmune reactions and prolonged inflammation. Neurological complications, such as cognitive impairment and sensory loss, are also common and may result from direct viral invasion or immune-mediated damage. Cardiovascular issues, including myocardial inflammation and arrhythmia, are another significant concern in long COVID. Endothelial damage and viral persistence in tissues contribute to these complications. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, are also prevalent and may be linked to viral persistence in the gut and immune responses. The article emphasizes the need for further research to understand the full spectrum of long COVID's impact and to develop effective management strategies. Vaccination and antiviral treatments are shown to have some protective effects, but more research is needed to fully address the challenges posed by long COVID.The article provides a comprehensive overview of long COVID, focusing on its epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles. Long COVID, a condition affecting a significant proportion of COVID-19 survivors, is characterized by persistent symptoms such as fatigue, respiratory issues, and multi-system complaints. The prevalence of long COVID is estimated to be around 1 in 5 survivors, with more severe cases requiring hospitalization showing a higher incidence. The condition is influenced by various factors, including the SARS-CoV-2 variant, vaccination status, and comorbidities. The pathophysiological mechanisms of long COVID are complex and involve multiple organs. Key mechanisms include viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological alterations. Viral persistence can lead to chronic inflammation and organ damage, while immune responses can trigger autoimmune reactions and prolonged inflammation. Neurological complications, such as cognitive impairment and sensory loss, are also common and may result from direct viral invasion or immune-mediated damage. Cardiovascular issues, including myocardial inflammation and arrhythmia, are another significant concern in long COVID. Endothelial damage and viral persistence in tissues contribute to these complications. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, are also prevalent and may be linked to viral persistence in the gut and immune responses. The article emphasizes the need for further research to understand the full spectrum of long COVID's impact and to develop effective management strategies. Vaccination and antiviral treatments are shown to have some protective effects, but more research is needed to fully address the challenges posed by long COVID.