This review article discusses the removal of penicillin from aqueous environments using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and highlights the challenges and future outlook. Penicillin, a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, is widely used but persists in water sources due to its slow decomposition. It poses significant environmental and health risks due to its toxicity, persistence, and accumulation at low concentrations. Conventional purification methods are inefficient in removing penicillin, prompting the exploration of AOPs, which are more effective. AOPs, such as Fenton, ultrasound, and integrated processes like Synergistic Remediation-AOPs, have shown promising results with average efficiencies above 80%. These processes utilize hydroxyl radicals, which have high oxidation power and can degrade nearly all organic substances. Ultrasound is also a promising non-chemical method for antibiotic degradation, using high-frequency sound waves to generate OH radicals. However, challenges remain, including the need for further research on factors influencing penicillin removal, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and the degradation mechanisms. The review emphasizes the importance of addressing these gaps to improve the efficiency and sustainability of penicillin removal. Penicillin's toxicity is significant, with an EC50 value of 0.13 mg/L, and it can cause mortality in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Penicillin is derived from natural and synthetic sources, primarily from the Penicillium mold. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of AOPs for penicillin removal, highlighting their potential and challenges for future applications.This review article discusses the removal of penicillin from aqueous environments using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and highlights the challenges and future outlook. Penicillin, a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, is widely used but persists in water sources due to its slow decomposition. It poses significant environmental and health risks due to its toxicity, persistence, and accumulation at low concentrations. Conventional purification methods are inefficient in removing penicillin, prompting the exploration of AOPs, which are more effective. AOPs, such as Fenton, ultrasound, and integrated processes like Synergistic Remediation-AOPs, have shown promising results with average efficiencies above 80%. These processes utilize hydroxyl radicals, which have high oxidation power and can degrade nearly all organic substances. Ultrasound is also a promising non-chemical method for antibiotic degradation, using high-frequency sound waves to generate OH radicals. However, challenges remain, including the need for further research on factors influencing penicillin removal, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and the degradation mechanisms. The review emphasizes the importance of addressing these gaps to improve the efficiency and sustainability of penicillin removal. Penicillin's toxicity is significant, with an EC50 value of 0.13 mg/L, and it can cause mortality in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Penicillin is derived from natural and synthetic sources, primarily from the Penicillium mold. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of AOPs for penicillin removal, highlighting their potential and challenges for future applications.