The article by Hartgerink, Beniash, and Stupp explores the self-assembly of peptide-amphiphile (PA) molecules into nanofibers, highlighting the versatility and potential of this supramolecular system for manufacturing nanomaterials. Twelve derivatives of PA molecules were designed to self-assemble into nanofibers, with variations in amino acid selection and alkyl tail modification. The study investigates the role of different structural units in the self-assembly process and demonstrates three modes of self-assembly: pH control, divalent ion induction, and concentration. The PA molecules can form nanofibers with varying morphology, surface chemistry, and potential bioactivity. The authors also describe methods to enhance the physical and chemical robustness of these fibers through intermolecular crosslinking using cysteine residues, which form disulfide bonds upon oxidation. The versatility of the PA system is further expanded by exploring alternative self-assembly methods, such as drying on surfaces and the addition of divalent ions like calcium. These findings highlight the potential of PA nanofibers for both biological and non-biological applications.The article by Hartgerink, Beniash, and Stupp explores the self-assembly of peptide-amphiphile (PA) molecules into nanofibers, highlighting the versatility and potential of this supramolecular system for manufacturing nanomaterials. Twelve derivatives of PA molecules were designed to self-assemble into nanofibers, with variations in amino acid selection and alkyl tail modification. The study investigates the role of different structural units in the self-assembly process and demonstrates three modes of self-assembly: pH control, divalent ion induction, and concentration. The PA molecules can form nanofibers with varying morphology, surface chemistry, and potential bioactivity. The authors also describe methods to enhance the physical and chemical robustness of these fibers through intermolecular crosslinking using cysteine residues, which form disulfide bonds upon oxidation. The versatility of the PA system is further expanded by exploring alternative self-assembly methods, such as drying on surfaces and the addition of divalent ions like calcium. These findings highlight the potential of PA nanofibers for both biological and non-biological applications.