This review article provides an overview of advancements in bioethanol production, focusing primarily on lignocellulosic feedstock while also considering other feedstocks. It highlights the economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with bioethanol production. The article discusses the challenges and solutions in breaking down lignocellulosic biomass through pretreatment methods, such as mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological approaches. It also explores the sugar recovery process from pretreated biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis and the factors affecting ethanol yield during fermentation. The review covers different fermentation setups, including liquid-state fermentation (LSF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it examines genetic engineering approaches to improve bioethanol yield by modifying microorganisms to enhance their tolerance and efficiency in utilizing various sugars. The article concludes by discussing downstream processing techniques for ethanol recovery and purification.This review article provides an overview of advancements in bioethanol production, focusing primarily on lignocellulosic feedstock while also considering other feedstocks. It highlights the economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with bioethanol production. The article discusses the challenges and solutions in breaking down lignocellulosic biomass through pretreatment methods, such as mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological approaches. It also explores the sugar recovery process from pretreated biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis and the factors affecting ethanol yield during fermentation. The review covers different fermentation setups, including liquid-state fermentation (LSF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it examines genetic engineering approaches to improve bioethanol yield by modifying microorganisms to enhance their tolerance and efficiency in utilizing various sugars. The article concludes by discussing downstream processing techniques for ethanol recovery and purification.