Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological properties. Extracts of Curcuma longa exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in animal models, with curcumin and volatile oil being responsible for this effect. However, curcumin is less active when administered orally compared to intraperitoneally, likely due to poor absorption. There is controversy regarding its effect on ulcers, and studies on its secretory activity are limited. In vitro, curcumin shows antispasmodic activity. It has been advocated for liver disorders due to its protective effect on the liver and stimulation of bile secretion, though human evidence is lacking. Curcumin is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and is mainly excreted via the faeces, suggesting limited systemic effects after oral administration. However, local effects in the gastrointestinal tract may occur. The chemical composition of Curcuma longa includes essential oil, fatty oil, and moisture, with curcumin being the major constituent. Curcumin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in various models, including acute inflammation and chronic models like granuloma pouch and cotton pellet. It is effective in reducing inflammation in rats and mice, but oral doses required are much higher than those needed for intraperitoneal administration. Curcumin also exhibits antispasmodic activity in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown to inhibit gas formation in rats, though the mechanism is unclear. Curcumin has protective effects on the liver and stimulates bile secretion, but its clinical relevance is not fully established. It has also been shown to have anticoagulant properties and may inhibit thromboxane A2 activity. Curcumin has antifungal and antibacterial effects against various microorganisms, though its practical relevance in treating infections is limited due to poor absorption. Curcumin has potential antitumor activity, inhibiting tumor growth in mice. However, its clinical efficacy in humans remains to be determined. Toxicity studies indicate that curcumin is generally well-tolerated, with no significant adverse effects at high doses in rats. However, its oral bioavailability is low, and its systemic effects are questionable. Clinical studies have shown some improvement in symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory diseases, but more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in humans. Overall, Curcuma longa has a complex pharmacological profile with potential therapeutic applications, but further research is required to fully understand its mechanisms and clinical relevance.Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological properties. Extracts of Curcuma longa exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in animal models, with curcumin and volatile oil being responsible for this effect. However, curcumin is less active when administered orally compared to intraperitoneally, likely due to poor absorption. There is controversy regarding its effect on ulcers, and studies on its secretory activity are limited. In vitro, curcumin shows antispasmodic activity. It has been advocated for liver disorders due to its protective effect on the liver and stimulation of bile secretion, though human evidence is lacking. Curcumin is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and is mainly excreted via the faeces, suggesting limited systemic effects after oral administration. However, local effects in the gastrointestinal tract may occur. The chemical composition of Curcuma longa includes essential oil, fatty oil, and moisture, with curcumin being the major constituent. Curcumin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in various models, including acute inflammation and chronic models like granuloma pouch and cotton pellet. It is effective in reducing inflammation in rats and mice, but oral doses required are much higher than those needed for intraperitoneal administration. Curcumin also exhibits antispasmodic activity in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown to inhibit gas formation in rats, though the mechanism is unclear. Curcumin has protective effects on the liver and stimulates bile secretion, but its clinical relevance is not fully established. It has also been shown to have anticoagulant properties and may inhibit thromboxane A2 activity. Curcumin has antifungal and antibacterial effects against various microorganisms, though its practical relevance in treating infections is limited due to poor absorption. Curcumin has potential antitumor activity, inhibiting tumor growth in mice. However, its clinical efficacy in humans remains to be determined. Toxicity studies indicate that curcumin is generally well-tolerated, with no significant adverse effects at high doses in rats. However, its oral bioavailability is low, and its systemic effects are questionable. Clinical studies have shown some improvement in symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory diseases, but more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in humans. Overall, Curcuma longa has a complex pharmacological profile with potential therapeutic applications, but further research is required to fully understand its mechanisms and clinical relevance.