The article discusses the phases of capitalist development since 1870 in 16 advanced capitalist countries. It divides the past century into four phases, focusing on long-term performance, growth interruptions, and growth phases. The author also explains the differences in growth momentum between phases. The paper emphasizes that capitalist development has distinct phases with characteristics that constrain individual countries' performance, regardless of their growth rate. The article highlights the importance of understanding the origins of capitalist social-productive relations and how capital accumulation leads to various processes of capitalist expansion. These processes can either further establish capitalist class relations or be accompanied by other developments. The author also notes that reducing wages is a way to address economic issues, though this is accepted by many unions. The article underscores the need for a comprehensive analysis of capitalist economic development, considering both the origins of capitalist relations and the effects of capital accumulation on expansion. The study reflects the editors' interest in exploring the complex terrain of political economy, particularly the study of capitalist development phases. The volume was initiated by Richard Westra after his article on post-war Japan. The editors invited renowned political economists to contribute, focusing on the most important questions in the study of capitalist development phases.The article discusses the phases of capitalist development since 1870 in 16 advanced capitalist countries. It divides the past century into four phases, focusing on long-term performance, growth interruptions, and growth phases. The author also explains the differences in growth momentum between phases. The paper emphasizes that capitalist development has distinct phases with characteristics that constrain individual countries' performance, regardless of their growth rate. The article highlights the importance of understanding the origins of capitalist social-productive relations and how capital accumulation leads to various processes of capitalist expansion. These processes can either further establish capitalist class relations or be accompanied by other developments. The author also notes that reducing wages is a way to address economic issues, though this is accepted by many unions. The article underscores the need for a comprehensive analysis of capitalist economic development, considering both the origins of capitalist relations and the effects of capital accumulation on expansion. The study reflects the editors' interest in exploring the complex terrain of political economy, particularly the study of capitalist development phases. The volume was initiated by Richard Westra after his article on post-war Japan. The editors invited renowned political economists to contribute, focusing on the most important questions in the study of capitalist development phases.