This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye using various metal oxide (MOx) catalysts, including titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), copper(II) oxide (CuO), copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), and niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5). The catalysts were evaluated under ambient conditions with UV irradiation. Characterization techniques such as BET and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the surface area and structural properties of the catalysts. The results showed that TiO2 and ZnO exhibited the highest catalytic activity, with CV conversion rates of 95% and 98%, respectively, within 2 hours. The specific surface area (SSA) of ZnO (12.1 m²/g) was higher than that of TiO2 (5 m²/g), which may explain the higher CV decomposition rate observed for ZnO. The band gap energy, water splitting energy gap, and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs were identified as key parameters influencing the photocatalytic performance. The study also proposed a mechanism for the CV degradation process, involving the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the interaction with chemisorbed CV molecules. The findings highlight the potential of TiO2 and ZnO as effective heterogeneous photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic dyes.This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye using various metal oxide (MOx) catalysts, including titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), copper(II) oxide (CuO), copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), and niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5). The catalysts were evaluated under ambient conditions with UV irradiation. Characterization techniques such as BET and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the surface area and structural properties of the catalysts. The results showed that TiO2 and ZnO exhibited the highest catalytic activity, with CV conversion rates of 95% and 98%, respectively, within 2 hours. The specific surface area (SSA) of ZnO (12.1 m²/g) was higher than that of TiO2 (5 m²/g), which may explain the higher CV decomposition rate observed for ZnO. The band gap energy, water splitting energy gap, and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs were identified as key parameters influencing the photocatalytic performance. The study also proposed a mechanism for the CV degradation process, involving the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the interaction with chemisorbed CV molecules. The findings highlight the potential of TiO2 and ZnO as effective heterogeneous photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic dyes.