This chapter, authored by Yuka Tabe, Kenji Urayama, Akihiko Matsuyama, Jun Yamamoto, and Makoto Yoneya, provides an overview of recent advancements and future perspectives in the physics of liquid crystals (LCs). It highlights the increasing role of computer simulations in understanding LC behavior, particularly at the nanoscale, which has bridged the gap between molecular and macroscopic structures. The chapter emphasizes the importance of controlling molecular alignment at the nanometer level, a new challenge that has gained significant attention. Key contributions include the development of nano-patterned substrates for multi-stability in LC displays and the study of topological defects in LC colloidal systems, which have led to the discovery of "blue phase" structures with potential applications in new LC displays. The chapter underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research and the rapid progress in both fundamental and industrial applications of LCs.This chapter, authored by Yuka Tabe, Kenji Urayama, Akihiko Matsuyama, Jun Yamamoto, and Makoto Yoneya, provides an overview of recent advancements and future perspectives in the physics of liquid crystals (LCs). It highlights the increasing role of computer simulations in understanding LC behavior, particularly at the nanoscale, which has bridged the gap between molecular and macroscopic structures. The chapter emphasizes the importance of controlling molecular alignment at the nanometer level, a new challenge that has gained significant attention. Key contributions include the development of nano-patterned substrates for multi-stability in LC displays and the study of topological defects in LC colloidal systems, which have led to the discovery of "blue phase" structures with potential applications in new LC displays. The chapter underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research and the rapid progress in both fundamental and industrial applications of LCs.