Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are a class of disulfated pentapeptides that play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and immunity. PSKs are encoded by precursor genes that are widespread in higher plants. The maturation of PSKs involves sulfation by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases and proteolytic cleavage by subtilisin serine proteases. PSK signaling is mediated by plasma membrane-localized receptors (PSKR) belonging to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family. PSKs promote cell division and growth, regulate plant reproduction, induce somatic embryogenesis, enhance legume nodulation, and modulate plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The review highlights recent advances in PSK biosynthesis, signaling, and function, and proposes several research directions for future studies. This work provides valuable insights into PSKs, which can facilitate biotechnological development and their application in agriculture.Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are a class of disulfated pentapeptides that play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and immunity. PSKs are encoded by precursor genes that are widespread in higher plants. The maturation of PSKs involves sulfation by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases and proteolytic cleavage by subtilisin serine proteases. PSK signaling is mediated by plasma membrane-localized receptors (PSKR) belonging to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family. PSKs promote cell division and growth, regulate plant reproduction, induce somatic embryogenesis, enhance legume nodulation, and modulate plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The review highlights recent advances in PSK biosynthesis, signaling, and function, and proposes several research directions for future studies. This work provides valuable insights into PSKs, which can facilitate biotechnological development and their application in agriculture.