The article "Plant Growth Regulation in Cell and Tissue Culture In Vitro" by Taras P. Pasternak and Douglas Steinmacher provides a comprehensive overview of the factors controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration. The authors emphasize the importance of precise knowledge in this field, driven by increasing demand for more productive and resilient plants. They highlight that the success of plant tissue culture depends on several factors, including nutrient balance, endogenous auxin synthesis, organic compounds, and environmental conditions. The review covers various aspects of plant regeneration, such as regenerative pathways, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, haploid induction, and protoplast culture. It also discusses the role of nutrient balance in vitro, including macro and microelements, and the importance of specific concentrations for optimal plant growth. The authors provide practical recommendations based on classical plant physiology and their extensive research experience. Key points include: - **Regenerative Pathways**: The formation of organizer cells is crucial for plant regeneration, with auxin biosynthesis and accumulation playing central roles. - **Organogenesis**: This is a common technique for large-scale plant propagation, involving three main steps: organizer cell induction, shoot growth, and root induction. - **Somatic Embryogenesis**: This process involves the induction of embryos from somatic cells, often using auxinic herbicides. - **Haploid Induction In Vitro**: Microspore embryogenesis is a simple and fast method for producing homozygotic hybrids. - **Protoplast Culture**: While less commonly used for plant regeneration, it is valuable for somatic hybridization and studying cell totipotency. - **Nutrient Balance In Vitro**: Optimal nutrition is critical, with specific concentrations for macro and microelements, and the importance of pH and light conditions. - **Organic Components**: Compounds like ascorbic acid, glutathione, and vitamins play significant roles in plant growth and regeneration. - **Phytohormones**: Auxin, cytokinin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and ethylene all have specific functions in regulating plant development and regeneration. The authors conclude by emphasizing the importance of fine-tuning these factors to enhance the efficiency and success of plant tissue culture, providing valuable insights for both researchers and industry professionals.The article "Plant Growth Regulation in Cell and Tissue Culture In Vitro" by Taras P. Pasternak and Douglas Steinmacher provides a comprehensive overview of the factors controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration. The authors emphasize the importance of precise knowledge in this field, driven by increasing demand for more productive and resilient plants. They highlight that the success of plant tissue culture depends on several factors, including nutrient balance, endogenous auxin synthesis, organic compounds, and environmental conditions. The review covers various aspects of plant regeneration, such as regenerative pathways, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, haploid induction, and protoplast culture. It also discusses the role of nutrient balance in vitro, including macro and microelements, and the importance of specific concentrations for optimal plant growth. The authors provide practical recommendations based on classical plant physiology and their extensive research experience. Key points include: - **Regenerative Pathways**: The formation of organizer cells is crucial for plant regeneration, with auxin biosynthesis and accumulation playing central roles. - **Organogenesis**: This is a common technique for large-scale plant propagation, involving three main steps: organizer cell induction, shoot growth, and root induction. - **Somatic Embryogenesis**: This process involves the induction of embryos from somatic cells, often using auxinic herbicides. - **Haploid Induction In Vitro**: Microspore embryogenesis is a simple and fast method for producing homozygotic hybrids. - **Protoplast Culture**: While less commonly used for plant regeneration, it is valuable for somatic hybridization and studying cell totipotency. - **Nutrient Balance In Vitro**: Optimal nutrition is critical, with specific concentrations for macro and microelements, and the importance of pH and light conditions. - **Organic Components**: Compounds like ascorbic acid, glutathione, and vitamins play significant roles in plant growth and regeneration. - **Phytohormones**: Auxin, cytokinin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and ethylene all have specific functions in regulating plant development and regeneration. The authors conclude by emphasizing the importance of fine-tuning these factors to enhance the efficiency and success of plant tissue culture, providing valuable insights for both researchers and industry professionals.