The study investigates the role of redox changes in plant immunity, focusing on the protein NPR1, which regulates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense genes. NPR1 is typically an oligomer in the cytoplasm through intermolecular disulfide bonds but undergoes conformational changes upon SA induction, leading to monomer release and nuclear translocation. The research shows that S-nitrosylation of NPR1 at cysteine-156 by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSN) facilitates its oligomerization, maintaining protein homeostasis. Conversely, thioredoxins (TRXs) catalyze the oligomer-to-monomer conversion of NPR1 upon SA induction. Mutations in both NPR1 cysteine-156 and TRXs compromise NPR1-mediated disease resistance, highlighting the opposing actions of GSN and TRX in regulating NPR1. These findings suggest a link between pathogen-induced redox changes and gene regulation in plant immunity.The study investigates the role of redox changes in plant immunity, focusing on the protein NPR1, which regulates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense genes. NPR1 is typically an oligomer in the cytoplasm through intermolecular disulfide bonds but undergoes conformational changes upon SA induction, leading to monomer release and nuclear translocation. The research shows that S-nitrosylation of NPR1 at cysteine-156 by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSN) facilitates its oligomerization, maintaining protein homeostasis. Conversely, thioredoxins (TRXs) catalyze the oligomer-to-monomer conversion of NPR1 upon SA induction. Mutations in both NPR1 cysteine-156 and TRXs compromise NPR1-mediated disease resistance, highlighting the opposing actions of GSN and TRX in regulating NPR1. These findings suggest a link between pathogen-induced redox changes and gene regulation in plant immunity.