Human neuroimaging studies have identified structural changes in gray and white matter associated with learning. These changes are influenced by both cellular and molecular processes, and understanding the relationship between imaging findings and underlying biology is crucial. The brain's structure and function are dynamically linked, with learning shaping brain structure. Recent advances in structural brain imaging, such as MRI, have enabled detailed studies of these changes. Neuroimaging evidence shows individual differences in brain structure and how these relate to function, as well as changes in structure due to learning experiences. However, current techniques cannot directly inform about the cellular events underlying these changes. Instead, they provide whole-brain measures that can be used to study structural plasticity. Studies on gray and white matter plasticity show that structural changes are influenced by experience, and that both gray and white matter are affected by learning. For example, juggling training leads to changes in gray and white matter, while learning complex motor tasks also results in structural changes. These changes may be due to neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, or myelination. Neuroimaging studies have shown that structural changes in the brain are associated with learning, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Factors such as genetics and environment also play a role in these changes. Studies on human and animal models have shown that experience can influence brain structure, and that these changes may be related to neurogenesis, myelination, or synaptic plasticity. The role of glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, in structural plasticity is also being explored. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes is essential for interpreting neuroimaging findings. Future research should focus on integrating findings from different fields to better understand how learning shapes brain structure. Advances in imaging techniques, such as magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging, may provide more detailed insights into the cellular changes underlying structural plasticity. Overall, neuroimaging studies have provided valuable insights into how learning affects brain structure, but further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.Human neuroimaging studies have identified structural changes in gray and white matter associated with learning. These changes are influenced by both cellular and molecular processes, and understanding the relationship between imaging findings and underlying biology is crucial. The brain's structure and function are dynamically linked, with learning shaping brain structure. Recent advances in structural brain imaging, such as MRI, have enabled detailed studies of these changes. Neuroimaging evidence shows individual differences in brain structure and how these relate to function, as well as changes in structure due to learning experiences. However, current techniques cannot directly inform about the cellular events underlying these changes. Instead, they provide whole-brain measures that can be used to study structural plasticity. Studies on gray and white matter plasticity show that structural changes are influenced by experience, and that both gray and white matter are affected by learning. For example, juggling training leads to changes in gray and white matter, while learning complex motor tasks also results in structural changes. These changes may be due to neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, or myelination. Neuroimaging studies have shown that structural changes in the brain are associated with learning, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Factors such as genetics and environment also play a role in these changes. Studies on human and animal models have shown that experience can influence brain structure, and that these changes may be related to neurogenesis, myelination, or synaptic plasticity. The role of glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, in structural plasticity is also being explored. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these changes is essential for interpreting neuroimaging findings. Future research should focus on integrating findings from different fields to better understand how learning shapes brain structure. Advances in imaging techniques, such as magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging, may provide more detailed insights into the cellular changes underlying structural plasticity. Overall, neuroimaging studies have provided valuable insights into how learning affects brain structure, but further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.