Recent advances in polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) materials have opened new avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions across the visible, infrared, and terahertz spectral ranges. Polaritons, hybrid quasiparticles formed by the coupling of photons with electric dipoles (e.g., plasmons, excitons, and phonons), exhibit unique optical properties due to their strong light-matter interactions. In 2D materials, these polaritons can be confined to sub-wavelength scales, enabling applications in optoelectronics, biosensing, and infrared technologies. Graphene plasmonics has demonstrated exceptional performance, with high-quality factors and long lifetimes due to its tunable carrier density and low electronic density-of-states. Graphene plasmon-polaritons (PPs) have been observed in the terahertz to mid-infrared range, outperforming traditional metal-based plasmonics. Similarly, hyperbolic phonon-polaritons (PhPs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) exhibit unique properties such as hyperlensing and slow light, enabling sub-diffraction imaging and enhanced light-matter interactions. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus (BP) also host polaritonic modes with strong binding energies and anisotropic properties. These materials offer opportunities for exploring new plasmonic effects, including chiral and hyperbolic polaritons. The combination of different 2D materials in heterostructures allows for the engineering of novel hybrid polaritons with tailored optical properties. Excitons in 2D semiconductors, such as TMDs and BP, exhibit strong binding energies and unique optical properties, making them promising for applications in optoelectronics and quantum technologies. The coupling of excitons with plasmons enables the formation of exciton-polaritons, which can be sustained and manipulated for various applications. The study of polaritons in 2D materials has led to significant progress in understanding their optical properties, figures of merit, and potential applications. The ability to manipulate polaritons within the vast library of van der Waals 2D materials, combined with nano- and heterostructuring, promises the on-demand design of new optical properties not achievable with traditional plasmonic materials. Future research aims to further explore the potential of these materials for advanced optical technologies, including ultrafast photonic devices and quantum information processing.Recent advances in polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) materials have opened new avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions across the visible, infrared, and terahertz spectral ranges. Polaritons, hybrid quasiparticles formed by the coupling of photons with electric dipoles (e.g., plasmons, excitons, and phonons), exhibit unique optical properties due to their strong light-matter interactions. In 2D materials, these polaritons can be confined to sub-wavelength scales, enabling applications in optoelectronics, biosensing, and infrared technologies. Graphene plasmonics has demonstrated exceptional performance, with high-quality factors and long lifetimes due to its tunable carrier density and low electronic density-of-states. Graphene plasmon-polaritons (PPs) have been observed in the terahertz to mid-infrared range, outperforming traditional metal-based plasmonics. Similarly, hyperbolic phonon-polaritons (PhPs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) exhibit unique properties such as hyperlensing and slow light, enabling sub-diffraction imaging and enhanced light-matter interactions. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus (BP) also host polaritonic modes with strong binding energies and anisotropic properties. These materials offer opportunities for exploring new plasmonic effects, including chiral and hyperbolic polaritons. The combination of different 2D materials in heterostructures allows for the engineering of novel hybrid polaritons with tailored optical properties. Excitons in 2D semiconductors, such as TMDs and BP, exhibit strong binding energies and unique optical properties, making them promising for applications in optoelectronics and quantum technologies. The coupling of excitons with plasmons enables the formation of exciton-polaritons, which can be sustained and manipulated for various applications. The study of polaritons in 2D materials has led to significant progress in understanding their optical properties, figures of merit, and potential applications. The ability to manipulate polaritons within the vast library of van der Waals 2D materials, combined with nano- and heterostructuring, promises the on-demand design of new optical properties not achievable with traditional plasmonic materials. Future research aims to further explore the potential of these materials for advanced optical technologies, including ultrafast photonic devices and quantum information processing.