Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in plastics and textiles. They are persistent in the environment and bioaccumulate, with high levels found in aquatic ecosystems. PBDE levels in mother's milk increased significantly from 1972–1997, and dietary intake in Sweden was estimated at 0.05 µg/day. Animal studies show toxicity effects including hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) is 1 mg/kg/day. While current dietary intake is much lower than the LOAEL, data gaps in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity remain. PBDE levels in human breast milk show alarming trends, indicating potential future health risks. PBDEs are found in air, water, sediments, and biota, with higher concentrations in aquatic environments. PBDE levels in fish, dairy products, and mothers' milk vary widely. Human exposure occurs mainly through food, with PBDE levels in breast milk showing a strong time-dependent increase. Estimated dietary intake in Sweden is around 51 ng/day, with a significant portion from fish. PBDE levels in human adipose tissue and blood are similar to those in food. Occupational exposure in dismantling plants may contribute to PBDE exposure, but levels are still lower than PCBs. Overall, while current PBDE exposure appears limited, data gaps and long-term trends suggest potential future health risks.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in plastics and textiles. They are persistent in the environment and bioaccumulate, with high levels found in aquatic ecosystems. PBDE levels in mother's milk increased significantly from 1972–1997, and dietary intake in Sweden was estimated at 0.05 µg/day. Animal studies show toxicity effects including hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) is 1 mg/kg/day. While current dietary intake is much lower than the LOAEL, data gaps in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity remain. PBDE levels in human breast milk show alarming trends, indicating potential future health risks. PBDEs are found in air, water, sediments, and biota, with higher concentrations in aquatic environments. PBDE levels in fish, dairy products, and mothers' milk vary widely. Human exposure occurs mainly through food, with PBDE levels in breast milk showing a strong time-dependent increase. Estimated dietary intake in Sweden is around 51 ng/day, with a significant portion from fish. PBDE levels in human adipose tissue and blood are similar to those in food. Occupational exposure in dismantling plants may contribute to PBDE exposure, but levels are still lower than PCBs. Overall, while current PBDE exposure appears limited, data gaps and long-term trends suggest potential future health risks.