This review comprehensively addresses the developments and applications of polymer materials in optoelectronics. It highlights how these materials absorb, emit, and transfer charges, including exciton-vibrational coupling, nonradiative and radiative processes, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and energy dynamics. The review also outlines charge trapping and recombination in the materials and their practical implications. The practical application of organic materials in optoelectronic devices, such as organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodetectors, and organic transistors, is detailed, emphasizing their detailed structure, operational principles, and performance metrics. The transformative impact of organic materials on the evolution of optoelectronics is underscored, providing a comprehensive understanding of their properties, mechanisms, and diverse applications that contribute to advancing innovative technologies in the field. Organic materials, particularly polymers, have seen unprecedented growth over the last 20 years due to breakthroughs in material design, synthesis, and purification techniques. These materials have become central to a new generation of technologies due to their flexibility, tunability, and potential for low-cost production. The review covers the advancements and applications of polymer organic materials, including their unique properties and the physical processes governing optoelectronic devices. Key topics include light absorption, emission, charge and energy transfer, and charge trapping and recombination. The review also discusses the practical implications of these findings and their impact on the development of high-performance, flexible, and cost-effective devices. Finally, the review highlights the versatility and potential of organic polymers in transforming optoelectronic device performance and expanding their application spectrum, making them a key player in future technology.This review comprehensively addresses the developments and applications of polymer materials in optoelectronics. It highlights how these materials absorb, emit, and transfer charges, including exciton-vibrational coupling, nonradiative and radiative processes, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and energy dynamics. The review also outlines charge trapping and recombination in the materials and their practical implications. The practical application of organic materials in optoelectronic devices, such as organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodetectors, and organic transistors, is detailed, emphasizing their detailed structure, operational principles, and performance metrics. The transformative impact of organic materials on the evolution of optoelectronics is underscored, providing a comprehensive understanding of their properties, mechanisms, and diverse applications that contribute to advancing innovative technologies in the field. Organic materials, particularly polymers, have seen unprecedented growth over the last 20 years due to breakthroughs in material design, synthesis, and purification techniques. These materials have become central to a new generation of technologies due to their flexibility, tunability, and potential for low-cost production. The review covers the advancements and applications of polymer organic materials, including their unique properties and the physical processes governing optoelectronic devices. Key topics include light absorption, emission, charge and energy transfer, and charge trapping and recombination. The review also discusses the practical implications of these findings and their impact on the development of high-performance, flexible, and cost-effective devices. Finally, the review highlights the versatility and potential of organic polymers in transforming optoelectronic device performance and expanding their application spectrum, making them a key player in future technology.