Polyphenols, found in plants, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic roles in modulating immune function and obesity. This review explores the mechanisms by which polyphenols influence obesity and metabolic disorders, focusing on their anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects. Polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, and others, have diverse chemical structures and biological activities. They modulate immune function by enhancing gut health, regulating cytokine production, and influencing immune cell activity, such as natural killer cells and macrophages. Polyphenols also affect energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, and adipokine expression, which are crucial for managing obesity and related metabolic conditions. They inhibit pro-obesity enzymes like pancreatic lipase, reduce fat synthesis, and promote thermogenesis, aiding in weight control. Additionally, polyphenols modulate immune responses by suppressing inflammation and enhancing the function of immune cells. The review highlights the potential of polyphenols in addressing obesity and metabolic disorders through their multifaceted biological effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and develop targeted therapies for obesity and immunomodulation.Polyphenols, found in plants, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic roles in modulating immune function and obesity. This review explores the mechanisms by which polyphenols influence obesity and metabolic disorders, focusing on their anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects. Polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, and others, have diverse chemical structures and biological activities. They modulate immune function by enhancing gut health, regulating cytokine production, and influencing immune cell activity, such as natural killer cells and macrophages. Polyphenols also affect energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, and adipokine expression, which are crucial for managing obesity and related metabolic conditions. They inhibit pro-obesity enzymes like pancreatic lipase, reduce fat synthesis, and promote thermogenesis, aiding in weight control. Additionally, polyphenols modulate immune responses by suppressing inflammation and enhancing the function of immune cells. The review highlights the potential of polyphenols in addressing obesity and metabolic disorders through their multifaceted biological effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and develop targeted therapies for obesity and immunomodulation.