This review explores the role of polyphenols in modulating immune function and combating obesity. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring compounds found in various plant-based foods and beverages, have gained significant attention due to their potential therapeutic benefits. The review highlights the diverse chemical structures of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic acids, each with distinct biological activities. The mechanisms by which polyphenols influence obesity and metabolic disorders are discussed, focusing on their effects on hormonal control, energy expenditure, adipocytokine production, and immune system modulation. Polyphenols are shown to affect insulin regulation, which is crucial for maintaining blood sugar levels and controlling hunger. They also inhibit pro-obesity enzymes like pancreatic lipase, reduce lipid accumulation, and enhance thermogenesis, leading to increased energy expenditure. Additionally, polyphenols modulate the production of adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, which play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis and metabolic processes. The review also emphasizes the immunomodulatory properties of polyphenols, particularly their ability to improve gut health and modulate immune cell functions. Polyphenols can enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, and influence the balance between Th17 and Treg cells, thereby reducing inflammation and immune-mediated diseases. Overall, the review underscores the potential of polyphenols in addressing obesity and related metabolic disorders by their multifaceted actions on the immune system and metabolic pathways. Further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their therapeutic effects, but the current evidence suggests that they hold significant promise for the prevention and management of obesity and associated health issues.This review explores the role of polyphenols in modulating immune function and combating obesity. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring compounds found in various plant-based foods and beverages, have gained significant attention due to their potential therapeutic benefits. The review highlights the diverse chemical structures of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic acids, each with distinct biological activities. The mechanisms by which polyphenols influence obesity and metabolic disorders are discussed, focusing on their effects on hormonal control, energy expenditure, adipocytokine production, and immune system modulation. Polyphenols are shown to affect insulin regulation, which is crucial for maintaining blood sugar levels and controlling hunger. They also inhibit pro-obesity enzymes like pancreatic lipase, reduce lipid accumulation, and enhance thermogenesis, leading to increased energy expenditure. Additionally, polyphenols modulate the production of adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, which play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis and metabolic processes. The review also emphasizes the immunomodulatory properties of polyphenols, particularly their ability to improve gut health and modulate immune cell functions. Polyphenols can enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, and influence the balance between Th17 and Treg cells, thereby reducing inflammation and immune-mediated diseases. Overall, the review underscores the potential of polyphenols in addressing obesity and related metabolic disorders by their multifaceted actions on the immune system and metabolic pathways. Further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their therapeutic effects, but the current evidence suggests that they hold significant promise for the prevention and management of obesity and associated health issues.