This study investigates gene gain and loss during grapevine domestication using long-read assemblies of 17 grapevine accessions, including wild progenitors and domesticated grapevines. The authors found that only about 7% of gene families were shared among all 16 Vitis genomes, while about 8% were specific to each accession, indicating significant variation in gene content. Domesticated grapevines exhibited an increased presence of genes associated with sexual reproduction, while wild progenitors showed a higher abundance of genes related to pollination, reflecting the transition from sexual to clonal propagation during domestication. Additionally, domesticated grapevines had fewer disease-resistance genes compared to wild progenitors, and structural variations (SVs) frequently occurred in aroma and disease-resistance genes, suggesting rapid diversification during domestication. The study provides valuable insights and resources for functional genomic studies and breeding programs in grapevine.This study investigates gene gain and loss during grapevine domestication using long-read assemblies of 17 grapevine accessions, including wild progenitors and domesticated grapevines. The authors found that only about 7% of gene families were shared among all 16 Vitis genomes, while about 8% were specific to each accession, indicating significant variation in gene content. Domesticated grapevines exhibited an increased presence of genes associated with sexual reproduction, while wild progenitors showed a higher abundance of genes related to pollination, reflecting the transition from sexual to clonal propagation during domestication. Additionally, domesticated grapevines had fewer disease-resistance genes compared to wild progenitors, and structural variations (SVs) frequently occurred in aroma and disease-resistance genes, suggesting rapid diversification during domestication. The study provides valuable insights and resources for functional genomic studies and breeding programs in grapevine.