Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) encompasses physical, cognitive, and mental impairments in patients treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). It can occur during the ICU stay or following discharge and significantly impacts long-term prognosis. Recent research has expanded our understanding of PICS, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, assessment, risk factors, prevention, and treatments. Physical impairments, such as ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), are the most common and can persist for up to 10 years. Cognitive impairments, including memory, executive function, and attention, are associated with poor functioning and reduced quality of life. Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, can negatively affect food intake and fatigue. Chronic pain is also a significant issue, affecting up to 44% of patients 6 months after ICU discharge. Family members of ICU patients can experience physical and psychological symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Pediatric PICS (PICS-p) is less studied but similar in risk to adult PICS. The ABCDEF bundle, a set of ICU care elements, has been recommended to prevent PICS, but its implementation remains challenging. Future research should focus on intervention studies and basic molecular studies to better understand the mechanisms and develop new treatments. Telemedicine and support for return-to-work are also important strategies.Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) encompasses physical, cognitive, and mental impairments in patients treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). It can occur during the ICU stay or following discharge and significantly impacts long-term prognosis. Recent research has expanded our understanding of PICS, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, assessment, risk factors, prevention, and treatments. Physical impairments, such as ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), are the most common and can persist for up to 10 years. Cognitive impairments, including memory, executive function, and attention, are associated with poor functioning and reduced quality of life. Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, can negatively affect food intake and fatigue. Chronic pain is also a significant issue, affecting up to 44% of patients 6 months after ICU discharge. Family members of ICU patients can experience physical and psychological symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Pediatric PICS (PICS-p) is less studied but similar in risk to adult PICS. The ABCDEF bundle, a set of ICU care elements, has been recommended to prevent PICS, but its implementation remains challenging. Future research should focus on intervention studies and basic molecular studies to better understand the mechanisms and develop new treatments. Telemedicine and support for return-to-work are also important strategies.