March 2024 | Xiaoyue Xu, Ling Zeng, Vivekanand Jha, Laura K. Cobb, Kenji Shibuya, Lawrence J. Appel, Bruce Neal, Aletta E. Schutte
The article reviews the evidence and recommendations for the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes in clinical management guidelines for hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Excess dietary sodium and insufficient potassium intake are established risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Despite some successful initiatives, efforts to control hypertension through dietary changes have largely failed due to the difficulty in implementing these changes. Potassium-enriched, sodium-reduced salt substitutes have been shown to effectively reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular events in randomized controlled trials. However, these substitutes are inconsistently recommended and rarely used. The authors systematically searched guidelines for hypertension and chronic kidney disease management and found incomplete and inconsistent recommendations about the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes. They propose strong recommendations for patients with hypertension to use potassium-enriched salt (75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride) unless contraindicated, such as in advanced kidney disease or with certain medications. The article also discusses the risk of hyperkalemia and suggests that the benefits of using potassium-enriched salt outweigh the risks for most individuals. The authors encourage clinical guideline bodies to update their recommendations to include consistent advice on the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes.The article reviews the evidence and recommendations for the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes in clinical management guidelines for hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Excess dietary sodium and insufficient potassium intake are established risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Despite some successful initiatives, efforts to control hypertension through dietary changes have largely failed due to the difficulty in implementing these changes. Potassium-enriched, sodium-reduced salt substitutes have been shown to effectively reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular events in randomized controlled trials. However, these substitutes are inconsistently recommended and rarely used. The authors systematically searched guidelines for hypertension and chronic kidney disease management and found incomplete and inconsistent recommendations about the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes. They propose strong recommendations for patients with hypertension to use potassium-enriched salt (75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride) unless contraindicated, such as in advanced kidney disease or with certain medications. The article also discusses the risk of hyperkalemia and suggests that the benefits of using potassium-enriched salt outweigh the risks for most individuals. The authors encourage clinical guideline bodies to update their recommendations to include consistent advice on the use of potassium-enriched salt substitutes.