Potassium is a vital mineral that plays a key role in maintaining cellular membrane potential and regulating nerve and muscle activities. It is primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with significant dietary sources being potassium-rich foods. The body stores potassium mainly in muscles, bones, and the central nervous system, while extracellular potassium is crucial for cellular function. Research indicates an inverse relationship between potassium intake and blood pressure, with a potassium-rich diet showing benefits for cardiovascular health, independent of blood pressure effects. International guidelines recommend high potassium intake for cardiovascular risk prevention, though there is no consensus on the optimal intake level. This Special Issue explores the relationship between potassium intake and human health, focusing on cardiovascular diseases. It includes studies on the association between potassium intake and type 2 diabetes, the effect of potassium supplementation on endothelial function, and the use of artificial intelligence in assessing potassium intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Studies show that higher potassium intake is linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and improved endothelial function. However, in CKD patients, RAAS inhibitor therapy may affect the relationship between urinary potassium excretion and dietary intake. AI-based tools, such as Bayesian networks, are being developed to improve the accuracy of potassium intake estimation in CKD patients. Machine learning models are also being used to predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in hyperkalaemic patients. These models highlight the importance of clinical variables such as age, CKD stage, and glomerular filtration rate in predicting outcomes. Despite the benefits of increased potassium intake, global average potassium consumption is often below recommended levels. Strategies such as potassium-enriched salt substitutes and potassium supplementation are being explored to increase intake. However, further research is needed to determine appropriate intake thresholds and to confirm the cardiovascular benefits of potassium. The findings support international recommendations for increased potassium intake through dietary sources, aligning with the EAT-Lancet Commission's planetary health diet model.Potassium is a vital mineral that plays a key role in maintaining cellular membrane potential and regulating nerve and muscle activities. It is primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with significant dietary sources being potassium-rich foods. The body stores potassium mainly in muscles, bones, and the central nervous system, while extracellular potassium is crucial for cellular function. Research indicates an inverse relationship between potassium intake and blood pressure, with a potassium-rich diet showing benefits for cardiovascular health, independent of blood pressure effects. International guidelines recommend high potassium intake for cardiovascular risk prevention, though there is no consensus on the optimal intake level. This Special Issue explores the relationship between potassium intake and human health, focusing on cardiovascular diseases. It includes studies on the association between potassium intake and type 2 diabetes, the effect of potassium supplementation on endothelial function, and the use of artificial intelligence in assessing potassium intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Studies show that higher potassium intake is linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and improved endothelial function. However, in CKD patients, RAAS inhibitor therapy may affect the relationship between urinary potassium excretion and dietary intake. AI-based tools, such as Bayesian networks, are being developed to improve the accuracy of potassium intake estimation in CKD patients. Machine learning models are also being used to predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in hyperkalaemic patients. These models highlight the importance of clinical variables such as age, CKD stage, and glomerular filtration rate in predicting outcomes. Despite the benefits of increased potassium intake, global average potassium consumption is often below recommended levels. Strategies such as potassium-enriched salt substitutes and potassium supplementation are being explored to increase intake. However, further research is needed to determine appropriate intake thresholds and to confirm the cardiovascular benefits of potassium. The findings support international recommendations for increased potassium intake through dietary sources, aligning with the EAT-Lancet Commission's planetary health diet model.