Preeclampsia is a severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that affects both the mother and fetus, often leading to life-threatening complications. It typically presents as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria during the third trimester and can progress rapidly. The placenta plays a central role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, with abnormal placentation and the release of antiangiogenic factors such as sFLT1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) being key factors. Clinical and pathological studies have identified several risk factors for preeclampsia, including a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, and obesity. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) defines preeclampsia as hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive patient. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia involves two stages: abnormal placentation early in the first trimester and the development of a maternal syndrome in the later second and third trimesters characterized by an excess of antiangiogenic factors. Abnormal placentation can lead to placental ischemia, which in turn causes maternal endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and multi-organ failure. Key factors include hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune cell alterations. Antiangiogenic proteins like sFLT1 and sENG (soluble endoglin) play a crucial role in disrupting vascular function and promoting endothelial dysfunction. Biomarkers such as sFLT1, sENG, and PIGF (placental growth factor) have shown high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis and prognosis of preeclampsia. These biomarkers can help stratify risk and guide therapeutic interventions. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent severe complications, and timely delivery remains the definitive treatment for preeclampsia. Current management strategies include preconception counseling, BP control, prenatal aspirin therapy, and magnesium sulfate for severe cases. Further research is needed to develop more effective treatments and improve outcomes for women and their fetuses.Preeclampsia is a severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that affects both the mother and fetus, often leading to life-threatening complications. It typically presents as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria during the third trimester and can progress rapidly. The placenta plays a central role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, with abnormal placentation and the release of antiangiogenic factors such as sFLT1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) being key factors. Clinical and pathological studies have identified several risk factors for preeclampsia, including a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, and obesity. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) defines preeclampsia as hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive patient. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia involves two stages: abnormal placentation early in the first trimester and the development of a maternal syndrome in the later second and third trimesters characterized by an excess of antiangiogenic factors. Abnormal placentation can lead to placental ischemia, which in turn causes maternal endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and multi-organ failure. Key factors include hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune cell alterations. Antiangiogenic proteins like sFLT1 and sENG (soluble endoglin) play a crucial role in disrupting vascular function and promoting endothelial dysfunction. Biomarkers such as sFLT1, sENG, and PIGF (placental growth factor) have shown high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis and prognosis of preeclampsia. These biomarkers can help stratify risk and guide therapeutic interventions. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent severe complications, and timely delivery remains the definitive treatment for preeclampsia. Current management strategies include preconception counseling, BP control, prenatal aspirin therapy, and magnesium sulfate for severe cases. Further research is needed to develop more effective treatments and improve outcomes for women and their fetuses.