A systematic review of 26 population-based studies found that the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) varied widely, with a median prevalence of 7.2% in individuals aged 30 years or older and 23.4% to 35.8% in those aged 64 years or older. The prevalence of CKD was significantly influenced by the equations used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation being preferred over the adjusted Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation in recent studies. The MDRD equation generally provided more accurate GFR estimates than the CG/BSA equation, particularly in populations with CKD. However, the CG/BSA equation showed higher prevalence rates in elderly individuals, especially those aged 70 years or older. The prevalence of CKD was higher in females than in males, and in African Americans compared to Caucasians. In Asian populations, the prevalence of CKD was relatively high. The study also highlighted the importance of accurate GFR estimation in special groups, such as the elderly, females, and different ethnic groups. The use of new biomarkers like cystatin C for GFR estimation was suggested as an important area for further research. The study emphasized the need for improved methods to detect CKD in these populations to better understand its global burden and develop effective interventions.A systematic review of 26 population-based studies found that the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) varied widely, with a median prevalence of 7.2% in individuals aged 30 years or older and 23.4% to 35.8% in those aged 64 years or older. The prevalence of CKD was significantly influenced by the equations used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation being preferred over the adjusted Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation in recent studies. The MDRD equation generally provided more accurate GFR estimates than the CG/BSA equation, particularly in populations with CKD. However, the CG/BSA equation showed higher prevalence rates in elderly individuals, especially those aged 70 years or older. The prevalence of CKD was higher in females than in males, and in African Americans compared to Caucasians. In Asian populations, the prevalence of CKD was relatively high. The study also highlighted the importance of accurate GFR estimation in special groups, such as the elderly, females, and different ethnic groups. The use of new biomarkers like cystatin C for GFR estimation was suggested as an important area for further research. The study emphasized the need for improved methods to detect CKD in these populations to better understand its global burden and develop effective interventions.