Genetic engineering has shown promise in treating β-thalassemia by enabling the distinction of patient genes from normal ones using enzyme techniques. However, this method is still in early stages and only applicable in certain populations. Recent findings suggest it can accurately identify fetuses with sickle-cell anemia. The first tangible benefit of genetic engineering is the production of human proteins, such as insulin from bacteria. While some experts believe the future of genetic engineering lies in producing more hormones and enzymes, others suggest it could help develop new antibiotics. However, regulation remains a concern, with strict rules to prevent misuse, such as creating biological weapons. Ethical considerations must be addressed before techniques are developed. Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare, progressive, and often fatal disease more common in women. Diagnosis requires ruling out other causes of secondary pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include syncope, breathlessness, and cyanosis. Physical signs may be subtle, requiring tests like ECG and chest X-rays. The condition progresses to severe pulmonary hypertension, leading to right heart failure and sudden death. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization are used to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other causes. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is a secondary form of pulmonary hypertension, often linked to lung disease. The cause of primary pulmonary hypertension is unknown, though it may be related to pregnancy, female hormones, or connective tissue disorders. Treatment options are limited, with some drugs showing limited effectiveness. Prostaglandins were once considered, but results have been disappointing. Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when liver failure disrupts normal functions, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, infections, and neurological symptoms. Management is crucial, with no specific cure. Three types of hepatic encephalopathy are recognized, each with distinct causes and presentations. Treatment focuses on managing underlying liver disease and preventing complications.Genetic engineering has shown promise in treating β-thalassemia by enabling the distinction of patient genes from normal ones using enzyme techniques. However, this method is still in early stages and only applicable in certain populations. Recent findings suggest it can accurately identify fetuses with sickle-cell anemia. The first tangible benefit of genetic engineering is the production of human proteins, such as insulin from bacteria. While some experts believe the future of genetic engineering lies in producing more hormones and enzymes, others suggest it could help develop new antibiotics. However, regulation remains a concern, with strict rules to prevent misuse, such as creating biological weapons. Ethical considerations must be addressed before techniques are developed. Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare, progressive, and often fatal disease more common in women. Diagnosis requires ruling out other causes of secondary pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include syncope, breathlessness, and cyanosis. Physical signs may be subtle, requiring tests like ECG and chest X-rays. The condition progresses to severe pulmonary hypertension, leading to right heart failure and sudden death. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization are used to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other causes. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is a secondary form of pulmonary hypertension, often linked to lung disease. The cause of primary pulmonary hypertension is unknown, though it may be related to pregnancy, female hormones, or connective tissue disorders. Treatment options are limited, with some drugs showing limited effectiveness. Prostaglandins were once considered, but results have been disappointing. Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when liver failure disrupts normal functions, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, infections, and neurological symptoms. Management is crucial, with no specific cure. Three types of hepatic encephalopathy are recognized, each with distinct causes and presentations. Treatment focuses on managing underlying liver disease and preventing complications.