Plant breeding is an ongoing effort to develop superior plant phenotypes that better meet human needs by utilizing genetic variation. This practice has evolved from an ancient art to a modern science, aiming to enhance the quality, diversity, and performance of crops. The field has rapidly advanced with genetic and biotechnological innovations, leading to significant improvements in crop yields and resilience. Key milestones include Mendel's work on pea genetics, the Green Revolution in the 1960s-1980s, and the integration of molecular markers and genomics. These advancements have enabled breeders to develop new tools for analyzing and manipulating genetic variability, addressing global challenges such as food insecurity and malnutrition. The increasing population and land scarcity further emphasize the need for sustainable agricultural practices through integrated plant biology and genetics.Plant breeding is an ongoing effort to develop superior plant phenotypes that better meet human needs by utilizing genetic variation. This practice has evolved from an ancient art to a modern science, aiming to enhance the quality, diversity, and performance of crops. The field has rapidly advanced with genetic and biotechnological innovations, leading to significant improvements in crop yields and resilience. Key milestones include Mendel's work on pea genetics, the Green Revolution in the 1960s-1980s, and the integration of molecular markers and genomics. These advancements have enabled breeders to develop new tools for analyzing and manipulating genetic variability, addressing global challenges such as food insecurity and malnutrition. The increasing population and land scarcity further emphasize the need for sustainable agricultural practices through integrated plant biology and genetics.