The chapter "Causal Processes" in Albert Bandura's book on behavior modification explores the various models of causality that influence the development of principles and procedures for behavioral change. Bandura critiques traditional theories that view deviant behavior as symptoms of underlying diseases or internal psychic disturbances, arguing that these models are often based on subjective criteria and lack empirical support. Instead, he emphasizes the importance of social learning and value theory, which view deviant behavior as learned responses to environmental and self-imposed demands. The chapter discusses how social reinforcement, social labeling, and personal attributes influence the perception of deviant behavior, and how these factors can lead to different judgments and treatments. Bandura also highlights the limitations of psychodynamic theories, which often rely on hypothetical internal determinants that are difficult to verify and lack predictive power. He advocates for a more empirical and behaviorally focused approach to understanding and modifying human behavior.The chapter "Causal Processes" in Albert Bandura's book on behavior modification explores the various models of causality that influence the development of principles and procedures for behavioral change. Bandura critiques traditional theories that view deviant behavior as symptoms of underlying diseases or internal psychic disturbances, arguing that these models are often based on subjective criteria and lack empirical support. Instead, he emphasizes the importance of social learning and value theory, which view deviant behavior as learned responses to environmental and self-imposed demands. The chapter discusses how social reinforcement, social labeling, and personal attributes influence the perception of deviant behavior, and how these factors can lead to different judgments and treatments. Bandura also highlights the limitations of psychodynamic theories, which often rely on hypothetical internal determinants that are difficult to verify and lack predictive power. He advocates for a more empirical and behaviorally focused approach to understanding and modifying human behavior.