This article reviews the role of probiotics in modulating the gut-brain axis and their potential benefits for cognitive development. The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including immunity, digestion, and drug metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain through the gut-brain axis, which involves humoral, immunological, endocrine, and neural pathways. Gut dysbiosis can negatively impact these communication pathways, leading to neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in sufficient amounts, have been shown to restore healthy GM, reduce intestinal pH, and decrease inflammation and pathogenic microbes in the gut. They also improve cell-to-cell signaling and increase blood-brain-derived neurotrophic factors, making them a potential approach for preventing and managing neurological complications and cognitive deficits. The article discusses the mechanisms by which probiotics affect the gut-brain axis, including their ability to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammatory responses, and modulate neurotransmitter levels. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that probiotics can improve cognitive outcomes and reduce anxiety and depression. However, the safety concerns and possible risks of probiotic usage must be closely monitored. The article also highlights the importance of microbiome profiling, safety considerations, and the need for further research to optimize the therapeutic potential of probiotics in preventing and managing cognitive deficits.This article reviews the role of probiotics in modulating the gut-brain axis and their potential benefits for cognitive development. The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including immunity, digestion, and drug metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain through the gut-brain axis, which involves humoral, immunological, endocrine, and neural pathways. Gut dysbiosis can negatively impact these communication pathways, leading to neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in sufficient amounts, have been shown to restore healthy GM, reduce intestinal pH, and decrease inflammation and pathogenic microbes in the gut. They also improve cell-to-cell signaling and increase blood-brain-derived neurotrophic factors, making them a potential approach for preventing and managing neurological complications and cognitive deficits. The article discusses the mechanisms by which probiotics affect the gut-brain axis, including their ability to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammatory responses, and modulate neurotransmitter levels. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that probiotics can improve cognitive outcomes and reduce anxiety and depression. However, the safety concerns and possible risks of probiotic usage must be closely monitored. The article also highlights the importance of microbiome profiling, safety considerations, and the need for further research to optimize the therapeutic potential of probiotics in preventing and managing cognitive deficits.