Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in sufficient amounts. They play a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis, which is a bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain. This axis involves humoral, immunological, endocrine, and neural pathways and is essential for cognitive development and neurological health. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota (GM) can negatively impact these pathways, leading to neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Probiotics help restore a healthy GM, reduce inflammation, and improve cell-to-cell signaling, which can prevent and manage neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Studies have shown that probiotics can influence the gut microbiota, which in turn affects brain function and development. For example, probiotics have been found to improve cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Probiotics also help in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression by modulating the gut-brain axis and influencing neurotransmitter levels. Probiotics can affect the gut-brain axis through various mechanisms, including reducing oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and influencing neurotransmitter production. They can also enhance the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is crucial for cognitive function. However, the safety of probiotics must be carefully considered, as they can cause systemic infections, gastrointestinal side effects, and other risks, especially in vulnerable populations such as infants and individuals with weakened immune systems. Despite these risks, probiotics show promise in the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairments and neurological disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of probiotic action and to ensure their safe and effective use. Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics can improve cognitive function, reduce inflammation, and enhance mental health in various populations. However, the effectiveness of probiotics can vary depending on the strain, dosage, and individual factors. Therefore, it is important to conduct more studies to optimize the use of probiotics in cognitive health and to address potential safety concerns.Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in sufficient amounts. They play a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis, which is a bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain. This axis involves humoral, immunological, endocrine, and neural pathways and is essential for cognitive development and neurological health. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota (GM) can negatively impact these pathways, leading to neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Probiotics help restore a healthy GM, reduce inflammation, and improve cell-to-cell signaling, which can prevent and manage neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Studies have shown that probiotics can influence the gut microbiota, which in turn affects brain function and development. For example, probiotics have been found to improve cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Probiotics also help in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression by modulating the gut-brain axis and influencing neurotransmitter levels. Probiotics can affect the gut-brain axis through various mechanisms, including reducing oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and influencing neurotransmitter production. They can also enhance the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is crucial for cognitive function. However, the safety of probiotics must be carefully considered, as they can cause systemic infections, gastrointestinal side effects, and other risks, especially in vulnerable populations such as infants and individuals with weakened immune systems. Despite these risks, probiotics show promise in the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairments and neurological disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of probiotic action and to ensure their safe and effective use. Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics can improve cognitive function, reduce inflammation, and enhance mental health in various populations. However, the effectiveness of probiotics can vary depending on the strain, dosage, and individual factors. Therefore, it is important to conduct more studies to optimize the use of probiotics in cognitive health and to address potential safety concerns.