This review article provides an overview of graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, covering its electronic structure, characterization techniques, production methods, and versatile properties. The authors discuss various techniques for identifying and handling graphene, including optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), Raman scattering, and Rayleigh scattering. They also explore different production methods such as mechanical exfoliation, supported growth, chemical routes using graphene oxide, and molecular approaches. The electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of graphene are highlighted, emphasizing its high carrier mobility, thickness-dependent optical transparency, and robustness. The article concludes by discussing graphene's potential as a post-silicon and post-CMOS material for advanced electronic devices and molecular architecture in information processing.This review article provides an overview of graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, covering its electronic structure, characterization techniques, production methods, and versatile properties. The authors discuss various techniques for identifying and handling graphene, including optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), Raman scattering, and Rayleigh scattering. They also explore different production methods such as mechanical exfoliation, supported growth, chemical routes using graphene oxide, and molecular approaches. The electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of graphene are highlighted, emphasizing its high carrier mobility, thickness-dependent optical transparency, and robustness. The article concludes by discussing graphene's potential as a post-silicon and post-CMOS material for advanced electronic devices and molecular architecture in information processing.