The report provides an update on the global progress toward poliomyelitis eradication from January 2022 to December 2023. Despite significant efforts, polio remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with only wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) still circulating in these countries. In 2023, Afghanistan and Pakistan reported a total of 12 WPV1 cases, down from 22 in 2022. Environmental surveillance detected WPV1 transmission in 13 provinces in Afghanistan and 13 provinces in Pakistan, compared to seven provinces each in 2022. The number of cases caused by circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) decreased from 881 in 2022 to 524 in 2023, but cVDPV outbreaks occurred in 32 countries in 2023, including eight that did not report such outbreaks in 2022. Despite reductions in paralytic polio cases, cVDPV and WPV1 cases were more geographically widespread in 2023. To further progress, renewed efforts are needed to vaccinate persistently missed children, strengthen routine immunization programs, and provide more effective cVDPV outbreak responses. The report highlights the challenges posed by ongoing security issues in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which limit health service access, and the need for improved response strategies to interrupt cVDPV transmission.The report provides an update on the global progress toward poliomyelitis eradication from January 2022 to December 2023. Despite significant efforts, polio remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with only wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) still circulating in these countries. In 2023, Afghanistan and Pakistan reported a total of 12 WPV1 cases, down from 22 in 2022. Environmental surveillance detected WPV1 transmission in 13 provinces in Afghanistan and 13 provinces in Pakistan, compared to seven provinces each in 2022. The number of cases caused by circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) decreased from 881 in 2022 to 524 in 2023, but cVDPV outbreaks occurred in 32 countries in 2023, including eight that did not report such outbreaks in 2022. Despite reductions in paralytic polio cases, cVDPV and WPV1 cases were more geographically widespread in 2023. To further progress, renewed efforts are needed to vaccinate persistently missed children, strengthen routine immunization programs, and provide more effective cVDPV outbreak responses. The report highlights the challenges posed by ongoing security issues in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which limit health service access, and the need for improved response strategies to interrupt cVDPV transmission.