This study projects the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period, focusing on factors such as seasonality, immunity duration, and cross-immunity with other coronaviruses. Using data from the United States, the researchers modeled the transmission of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 to understand how SARS-CoV-2 might behave. They found that SARS-CoV-2 is likely to cause recurrent wintertime outbreaks after an initial pandemic wave. The study highlights the importance of longitudinal serological studies to determine the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 depend on factors such as seasonal variation, immunity duration, and cross-immunity with other coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betacoronavirus genus, which includes other coronaviruses like SARS and MERS. While SARS and MERS cause severe illness, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 typically cause mild or asymptomatic infections. SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible than its severe relatives but less severe than HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The study used a mathematical model to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission through 2025, considering factors such as immunity duration, cross-immunity, and seasonal variation. The model showed that SARS-CoV-2 could persist in regular circulation, leading to annual, biennial, or sporadic outbreaks. If immunity is short-lived, SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to cause frequent outbreaks. If immunity is long-lasting, SARS-CoV-2 could be eliminated for several years. The study also found that cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses could significantly impact transmission. If SARS-CoV-2 induces strong cross-immunity against HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, these viruses could decline or even disappear. However, without sufficient data on immunity duration and cross-immunity, it is difficult to predict the exact trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The study emphasizes the need for longitudinal serological studies to determine the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to understand how cross-immunity affects transmission. It also highlights the importance of maintaining surveillance even after the initial pandemic wave, as resurgence could occur as late as 2025. The findings suggest that the total incidence of SARS-CoV-2 over the next five years will depend on whether it enters regular circulation, which in turn depends on the duration of immunity it imparts. The timing of widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection and the level of cross-immunity will also influence the intensity and timing of outbreaks.This study projects the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period, focusing on factors such as seasonality, immunity duration, and cross-immunity with other coronaviruses. Using data from the United States, the researchers modeled the transmission of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 to understand how SARS-CoV-2 might behave. They found that SARS-CoV-2 is likely to cause recurrent wintertime outbreaks after an initial pandemic wave. The study highlights the importance of longitudinal serological studies to determine the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 depend on factors such as seasonal variation, immunity duration, and cross-immunity with other coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the betacoronavirus genus, which includes other coronaviruses like SARS and MERS. While SARS and MERS cause severe illness, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 typically cause mild or asymptomatic infections. SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible than its severe relatives but less severe than HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The study used a mathematical model to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission through 2025, considering factors such as immunity duration, cross-immunity, and seasonal variation. The model showed that SARS-CoV-2 could persist in regular circulation, leading to annual, biennial, or sporadic outbreaks. If immunity is short-lived, SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to cause frequent outbreaks. If immunity is long-lasting, SARS-CoV-2 could be eliminated for several years. The study also found that cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses could significantly impact transmission. If SARS-CoV-2 induces strong cross-immunity against HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, these viruses could decline or even disappear. However, without sufficient data on immunity duration and cross-immunity, it is difficult to predict the exact trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The study emphasizes the need for longitudinal serological studies to determine the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to understand how cross-immunity affects transmission. It also highlights the importance of maintaining surveillance even after the initial pandemic wave, as resurgence could occur as late as 2025. The findings suggest that the total incidence of SARS-CoV-2 over the next five years will depend on whether it enters regular circulation, which in turn depends on the duration of immunity it imparts. The timing of widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection and the level of cross-immunity will also influence the intensity and timing of outbreaks.