Protein translation is a critical cellular process essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. Deregulation of this process is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development of various human diseases. This review discusses how deregulated translation can lead to abnormal protein synthesis, altered cellular functions, and disease progression. Key mechanisms contributing to deregulation include functional alterations in translation factors, tRNA, mRNA, and ribosome function. Deregulated translation results in abnormal protein expression, disrupted cellular signaling, and perturbed cellular functions, all of which contribute to disease pathogenesis. Advances in techniques such as ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches have opened new avenues for detecting diseases related to translation errors. Recent advances in therapies targeting translation-related disorders offer potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The review highlights the growing interest in targeted therapies aimed at restoring precise control over translation in diseased cells, emphasizing the potential for precision medicine and personalized therapies. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of protein translation in disease and its potential as a therapeutic target, with advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies offering promising avenues for improving disease outcomes.Protein translation is a critical cellular process essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. Deregulation of this process is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development of various human diseases. This review discusses how deregulated translation can lead to abnormal protein synthesis, altered cellular functions, and disease progression. Key mechanisms contributing to deregulation include functional alterations in translation factors, tRNA, mRNA, and ribosome function. Deregulated translation results in abnormal protein expression, disrupted cellular signaling, and perturbed cellular functions, all of which contribute to disease pathogenesis. Advances in techniques such as ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches have opened new avenues for detecting diseases related to translation errors. Recent advances in therapies targeting translation-related disorders offer potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The review highlights the growing interest in targeted therapies aimed at restoring precise control over translation in diseased cells, emphasizing the potential for precision medicine and personalized therapies. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of protein translation in disease and its potential as a therapeutic target, with advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies offering promising avenues for improving disease outcomes.