Protein translation is a tightly regulated cellular process essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. Deregulation of this process is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. This review discusses how deregulated translation leads to aberrant protein synthesis, altered cellular functions, and disease progression. Key mechanisms contributing to translation deregulation include functional alterations in translation factors, tRNA, mRNA, and ribosome function. Deregulated translation leads to abnormal protein expression, disrupted cellular signaling, and perturbed cellular functions, all contributing to disease pathogenesis. Advances in ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches have opened new avenues for detecting diseases related to translation errors. Recent advances in therapies targeting translation-related disorders are highlighted, with potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The review emphasizes the critical role of protein translation in disease and its potential as a therapeutic target. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of translation deregulation and developing targeted therapies offer promising avenues for improving disease outcomes. The review also discusses the growing interest in targeted therapies aimed at restoring precise control over translation in diseased cells. Protein translation deregulation is associated with various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of protein translation deregulation, including initiation, elongation, and termination, are explored. Deregulation of translation initiation, elongation, and termination can lead to translation errors, protein misfolding, and alterations in protein abundance or quality, resulting in cellular dysfunction and disease pathogenesis. The review also discusses the techniques used to study protein translation deregulation, including ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches. These techniques provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of translation deregulation and its role in disease. The review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of protein translation deregulation in various diseases and the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies.Protein translation is a tightly regulated cellular process essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. Deregulation of this process is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. This review discusses how deregulated translation leads to aberrant protein synthesis, altered cellular functions, and disease progression. Key mechanisms contributing to translation deregulation include functional alterations in translation factors, tRNA, mRNA, and ribosome function. Deregulated translation leads to abnormal protein expression, disrupted cellular signaling, and perturbed cellular functions, all contributing to disease pathogenesis. Advances in ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches have opened new avenues for detecting diseases related to translation errors. Recent advances in therapies targeting translation-related disorders are highlighted, with potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The review emphasizes the critical role of protein translation in disease and its potential as a therapeutic target. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of translation deregulation and developing targeted therapies offer promising avenues for improving disease outcomes. The review also discusses the growing interest in targeted therapies aimed at restoring precise control over translation in diseased cells. Protein translation deregulation is associated with various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of protein translation deregulation, including initiation, elongation, and termination, are explored. Deregulation of translation initiation, elongation, and termination can lead to translation errors, protein misfolding, and alterations in protein abundance or quality, resulting in cellular dysfunction and disease pathogenesis. The review also discusses the techniques used to study protein translation deregulation, including ribosome profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, mRNA sequencing, and single-cell approaches. These techniques provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of translation deregulation and its role in disease. The review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of protein translation deregulation in various diseases and the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies.