The article "Public Participation in Scientific Research: a Framework for Deliberate Design" explores the role of public participation in scientific research (PPSR) across various contexts, emphasizing its impact on project design and outcomes. The authors propose the term "Public Participation in Scientific Research" (PPSR) to encompass a range of initiatives from different fields, including participatory action research and citizen science. They highlight three predominant models of PPSR: contractual, contributory, collaborative, co-created, and collegial contributions. Each model varies in the degree of public participation and the quality of that participation, which significantly influences project outcomes. The article introduces a framework for designing PPSR projects that considers the quality of participation and the management of interests. This framework is based on the inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts of project design. The inputs reflect the interests of both scientists and the public, while activities involve the bulk of the project's work. Outputs are the initial results, and outcomes are measurable elements such as skills, knowledge, and social-ecological impacts. Impacts are long-term changes that support human well-being or conservation. Case studies from various fields, including ornithology, water quality monitoring, and community-based forestry, illustrate how different models of PPSR relate to their outcomes. The article concludes that the quality of participation, rather than just the degree of participation, is crucial for achieving desired outcomes. It suggests that a well-designed framework can help project developers deliberately align PPSR efforts with specific goals, enhancing outcomes for scientific research, individual participants, and social-ecological systems.The article "Public Participation in Scientific Research: a Framework for Deliberate Design" explores the role of public participation in scientific research (PPSR) across various contexts, emphasizing its impact on project design and outcomes. The authors propose the term "Public Participation in Scientific Research" (PPSR) to encompass a range of initiatives from different fields, including participatory action research and citizen science. They highlight three predominant models of PPSR: contractual, contributory, collaborative, co-created, and collegial contributions. Each model varies in the degree of public participation and the quality of that participation, which significantly influences project outcomes. The article introduces a framework for designing PPSR projects that considers the quality of participation and the management of interests. This framework is based on the inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts of project design. The inputs reflect the interests of both scientists and the public, while activities involve the bulk of the project's work. Outputs are the initial results, and outcomes are measurable elements such as skills, knowledge, and social-ecological impacts. Impacts are long-term changes that support human well-being or conservation. Case studies from various fields, including ornithology, water quality monitoring, and community-based forestry, illustrate how different models of PPSR relate to their outcomes. The article concludes that the quality of participation, rather than just the degree of participation, is crucial for achieving desired outcomes. It suggests that a well-designed framework can help project developers deliberately align PPSR efforts with specific goals, enhancing outcomes for scientific research, individual participants, and social-ecological systems.