Quantum Simulations of Hadron Dynamics in the Schwinger Model using 112 Qubits

Quantum Simulations of Hadron Dynamics in the Schwinger Model using 112 Qubits

June 12, 2024 | Roland C. Farrell, Marc Illa, Anthony N. Ciavarella, and Martin J. Savage
This paper presents a quantum simulation of hadron dynamics in the Schwinger model using 112 qubits of IBM's Heron quantum computer (ibm_torino). The simulation involves preparing and time-evolving hadron wavepackets in the Schwinger model, a simplified version of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that exhibits confinement and has a chiral condensate. The key steps include preparing the vacuum using the SC-ADAPT-VQE algorithm, which is extended to prepare localized hadron wavepackets. The wavepackets are then evolved in time using a second-order Trotterization with a truncated electric interaction to reduce qubit connectivity and circuit depth. The simulation uses multiple error-mitigation strategies to achieve up to 14 Trotter steps, requiring 13,858 two-qubit gates (CNOT depth of 370). The results show clear propagation of hadrons, with results comparable to Matrix Product State simulations. The work demonstrates the potential for near-term quantum advantage in simulating hadron scattering and other complex processes. The simulation uses a hybrid approach, with classical computers determining and optimizing quantum circuits, which are then executed on the quantum computer. The results highlight the importance of systematic error mitigation and the scalability of the quantum circuits for large lattices. The work also discusses the effects of truncating electric interactions and the importance of preserving CP symmetry in the truncated theory. The simulation demonstrates the feasibility of simulating hadron dynamics in the Schwinger model using quantum computers, with potential applications in understanding strong interactions and quantum field theories.This paper presents a quantum simulation of hadron dynamics in the Schwinger model using 112 qubits of IBM's Heron quantum computer (ibm_torino). The simulation involves preparing and time-evolving hadron wavepackets in the Schwinger model, a simplified version of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that exhibits confinement and has a chiral condensate. The key steps include preparing the vacuum using the SC-ADAPT-VQE algorithm, which is extended to prepare localized hadron wavepackets. The wavepackets are then evolved in time using a second-order Trotterization with a truncated electric interaction to reduce qubit connectivity and circuit depth. The simulation uses multiple error-mitigation strategies to achieve up to 14 Trotter steps, requiring 13,858 two-qubit gates (CNOT depth of 370). The results show clear propagation of hadrons, with results comparable to Matrix Product State simulations. The work demonstrates the potential for near-term quantum advantage in simulating hadron scattering and other complex processes. The simulation uses a hybrid approach, with classical computers determining and optimizing quantum circuits, which are then executed on the quantum computer. The results highlight the importance of systematic error mitigation and the scalability of the quantum circuits for large lattices. The work also discusses the effects of truncating electric interactions and the importance of preserving CP symmetry in the truncated theory. The simulation demonstrates the feasibility of simulating hadron dynamics in the Schwinger model using quantum computers, with potential applications in understanding strong interactions and quantum field theories.
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[slides and audio] Quantum simulations of hadron dynamics in the Schwinger model using 112 qubits