The article "ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications" by Renuka Ramalingam Manoharan, Ankush Prasad, Pavel Pospíšil, and Julia Kzhyshkowska, published in *Frontiers in Immunology*, reviews the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the innate immune response. ROS, primarily generated by NADPH oxidase complexes in phagocytes, play a crucial role in respiratory bursts and inflammasome activation, which are essential for pathogen killing and immune cell function. The review highlights how ROS modulate the expression of redox-responsive transcription factors such as NF-kB, NRF2, and HIF-1, and how they induce oxidative protein modifications, including oxidation of sulfur-containing and aromatic amino acids, glycoxidation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and nitrosylation. These modifications can lead to protein dysfunction and contribute to various diseases. The article also discusses the metabolic reprogramming in macrophages, particularly in the M1 and M2 phenotypes, and the role of ROS in neutrophil activation and function. The review emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balanced redox state to regulate immune responses and prevent cellular damage.The article "ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications" by Renuka Ramalingam Manoharan, Ankush Prasad, Pavel Pospíšil, and Julia Kzhyshkowska, published in *Frontiers in Immunology*, reviews the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the innate immune response. ROS, primarily generated by NADPH oxidase complexes in phagocytes, play a crucial role in respiratory bursts and inflammasome activation, which are essential for pathogen killing and immune cell function. The review highlights how ROS modulate the expression of redox-responsive transcription factors such as NF-kB, NRF2, and HIF-1, and how they induce oxidative protein modifications, including oxidation of sulfur-containing and aromatic amino acids, glycoxidation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and nitrosylation. These modifications can lead to protein dysfunction and contribute to various diseases. The article also discusses the metabolic reprogramming in macrophages, particularly in the M1 and M2 phenotypes, and the role of ROS in neutrophil activation and function. The review emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balanced redox state to regulate immune responses and prevent cellular damage.