Paradies, Yin, Ben, Jehonathan, Denson, Nida, Elias, Amanuel, Priest, Naomi, Pieterse, Alex, Gupta, Arpana, Kelaher, Margaret and Gee (2015) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between racism and health outcomes. The study analyzed data from 293 studies published between 1983 and 2013, focusing on mental and physical health outcomes. Using random effects models, they found that racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, and psychological stress. Racism was also linked to poorer general health (r = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.09], k = 30) and physical health (r = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, -0.06], k = 50). Moderator analyses revealed that effect sizes were stronger in cross-sectional studies and non-representative samples. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health, with stronger associations for Asian American and Latino/a American participants compared to African American participants. The study highlights the significant negative impact of racism on mental and physical health, emphasizing the need for further research and policy interventions to address health disparities related to racism.Paradies, Yin, Ben, Jehonathan, Denson, Nida, Elias, Amanuel, Priest, Naomi, Pieterse, Alex, Gupta, Arpana, Kelaher, Margaret and Gee (2015) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between racism and health outcomes. The study analyzed data from 293 studies published between 1983 and 2013, focusing on mental and physical health outcomes. Using random effects models, they found that racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, and psychological stress. Racism was also linked to poorer general health (r = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.09], k = 30) and physical health (r = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, -0.06], k = 50). Moderator analyses revealed that effect sizes were stronger in cross-sectional studies and non-representative samples. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health, with stronger associations for Asian American and Latino/a American participants compared to African American participants. The study highlights the significant negative impact of racism on mental and physical health, emphasizing the need for further research and policy interventions to address health disparities related to racism.